Łuck Ghetto

Łuck Ghetto

Synagogue

Great Synagogue in Łuck before its virtual destruction in World War II

Łuck location during the Holocaust in Poland

Location Łuck, German-occupied Poland
Persecution Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation, mass killings
Organizations Schutzstaffel (SS), Einsatzgruppe C, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Wehrmacht
Executions Górka Połonka (see map)
Victims 25,600 ghettoized Jews,[1]

The Łuck Ghetto (Polish: getto w Łucku, German: Ghetto Luzk) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the prewar Polish city of Łuck (now Lutsk, Ukraine) occupied by Germany after Operation Barbarossa, in the south-eastern region of Kresy. Łuck was the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39) in the Second Polish Republic before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. The invading Soviets annexed the city to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 along with the entire region, an renamed it as Луцьк (Lutsk).[2][3][4][5]

Background

According to Polish census of 1931, Jews constituted 48.5% of the Łuck's diverse multicultural population of 35,550 people.[6] Łuck had the largest Jewish community in the province.[7] Łuck was in the eastern part of prewar Poland, and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact meant that it was occupied by the Red Army during the September 1939 invasion of Poland. The region was Sovietized in an atmosphere of terror.[8][9] Political, communal and cultural institutions were shut down, and Jewish community leaders were arrested by the NKVD.[10] In June 1940 the Soviet secret police uncovered the Zionist "Godronia" organization and imprisoned its leaders. Polish-Jewish families who fled to Łuck from the Nazis were rounded up and deported to the Soviet interior,[10] along with train-loads of dispossessed Christian Poles.[11] Some 10,000 people were sent in cattle trains to Siberia in four waves of deportations from the Łuck county beginning in February, April and June 1940.[12]

The German Wehrmacht attacked the Soviet forces in eastern Poland on June 22, 1941. Many young Jews left Łuck with the retreating Red Army,[10] but very few Jewish families followed them.[13] The escaping NKVD, responsible for political prisons, offered amnesty to the inmates of the Łuck prison and in the morning of June 23 ordered them to exit the building to the courtyards en masse.[14] The gates were locked, and all prisoners mowed down by heavy machine guns and grenades thrown from prison windows; 2,000 people died on the spot.[15] A small group of survivors was forced by the NKVD to bury the bodies over the next two days, in five mass graves.[16] In total, some 4,000 captives including Poles, Jews and Ukrainians were murdered by the secret police before withdrawal.[17]

The Germans rolled into the city on June 26, 1941. They overlooked the Soviet killings of Poles and Jews. But the killings of Ukrainians were documented, and, by the Nazi ideology of Judeo-Bolshevism, the Jews were to be held responsible for what the Soviets did. The Ukrainian People's Militia vented their rage by organizing a pogrom. The Synagogue along with the Jewish homes were set on fire.[18] The Nazi's wave of mass executions began a week later. A mobile killing squad, Einsatzgruppe C's Einsatzkommando 4a, assisted by an infantry platoon, massacred 1,160 Jews on July 2.[19] At Lubart's Castle, 3,000 Jews were shot by heavy machine guns on July 4, 1941.[5] Overall, some 2,000 Polish Jews were murdered by the SS-Sonderkommando 4a alone as reprisal for the NKVD killings of Ukrainians (9.2 percent of population in 1931)[6] even though Polish Jews had nothing to do with the killings.[18]

Ghetto history

The draconian restrictions on Jews were imposed in August 1941. In October, a group of 500 Jewish carpenters and craftsmen (including 50 seamstresses)[20] were moved to a new forced labour camp set up in the Jewish school building.[21] The Łuck Ghetto was established by the German occupation authorities in December 1941,[10] and sealed from the outside with the provision of only starvation food rations.[10] The Ghetto population was about 20,000 people.[21] The newly formed Judenrat, a council of Jewish leaders for the Ghetto, made every effort to feed the hungry and control epidemics.[10][22] The Jewish Ghetto Police was also organized by the Judenrat.[1]

Jewish uprising and the ghetto liquidation

Ghetto street in Łuck following extermination of Jews, 1942

The fate of ghettoised Jews across occupied Poland was sealed at Wannsee in early 1942, when the Final Solution was set in motion. The first large-scale aktion in the Łuck Ghetto took place on August 19, 1942. About 17,000 Jews were rounded up by Nazi Orpo police and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police during a four-day period,[20] assembled at the square by the pharmacy, and taken in lorries along with women and children, to the Górka Połonka forest,[23] on the outskirts of Łuck (see map).[1] They were shot into the prepared trenches. During the deportations, the small ghetto in Hnidawa (Gnidawa) was also emptied. A few families survived in the pharmacy cellars, including eyewitness Shmuel Shilo (age thirteen), along with his mother and brothers; Shmuel's sister was rescued by the Poles.[1] Meanwhile, the labor camp remained in operation for a few more months.[10] The main ghetto ceased to exist; Jews who were still alive were relocated back to the small ghetto in Gnidawa.[1] They were rounded up on September 12 and marched to Lubart's Castle; from there, they were sent to their deaths at Połonka. Young Shmuel Shilo survived again, but all alone this time; he hid under a floor plank in the castle for two nights.[1]

In the final extermination phase of Operation Reinhard, on December 12, 1942 the German and Ukrainian police entered the camp building of the former Jewish school to conduct the liquidation of the SS enterprise. The Jews barricaded themselves inside determined to die in combat. They did not have guns; they had axes, pickaxes, factory tools and bottles of acid.[21] The siege lasted for the entire day. The Germans used artillery to suppress the resistance. Towards the evening, the police forces set the building ablaze, and machine-gunned any escaping prisoners. The rare eyewitness, Shmuel Shilo who found refuge with the insurgents, survived again, this time by hiding beneath a work bench; he jumped out the window under the cover of night.[20] The revolt took place in the depth of winter, four months before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943.[20][21] The Łuck Ghetto was liquidated entirely through the Holocaust by bullets (as opposed to the Holocaust by gas).[24] In total, more than 25,600 people were executed at point-blank range at Połonka,[1] men, women and children.[13] Several participants of the rebellion escaped to freedom.[21]

The Red Army rolled into the city on February 2, 1944. Only about 150 Jews emerged from hiding and returned,[13] including families of Dr. Faiwel Goldstein, Dr. Schneiberg and Dr. Marek Rubinstein rescued by the Strusiński,[25] and the Ostrowski families,[26] Polish Righteous Among the Nations from Łuck and nearby farms in Kroszowiec respectively.[26] Zygmunt Strusiński received his Righteous medal posthumously, murdered for saving Jews in winter 1943.[25] His wife Wiktoria, expelled from USSR along with all Poles in 1945, corresponded with the survivors from Israel for decades to come. She did not sell any of the jewellery given by Jews in hiding to buy food for them, and gave it back with a sense of pride during a visit in 1963.[25]

See also

Coordinates: 50°27′00″N 25°12′03″E / 50.4500°N 25.2009°E / 50.4500; 25.2009

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yad Vashem, Mass-murder of Łuck Jews at Gurka Polonka in August 1942 on YouTube Note: village Połonka (Polish: Górka Połonka or its Połonka Little Hill subdivision) is misspelled in the documentary, with testimony of eyewitness Shmuel Shilo. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  2. ↑ Glenn Dynner, François Guesnet, Ghetto of Łuck. BRILL 2015, p.462; Warsaw: The Jewish Metropolis, ISBN 9004291814.
  3. ↑ JTA, Nazis Expel All Jews from Luck, January 13, 1942. LONDON: "The entire Jewish population of the city of Luck, in Nazi-occupied Poland, has been expelled from the city, Reuters, Britain’s leading news agency, reported today. No details of the expulsion were given. The place to where the 50,000 Jewish inhabitants of Luck were deported was not mentioned in the report."
  4. ↑ SS-Oberscharfuehrer Heinrich Feiertag, served in 1942 at the Luck ghetto (also in Krasne camp). - Google Cultural Institute.
  5. 1 2 Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015), The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. Cambridge University Press via Google Books, p.193. "The Home Army nevertheless noted armed resistance in the Łuck ghetto. Consequently, some managed to flee and join partisan groups in the forests."
  6. 1 2 Central Statistical Office (Poland), Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności. Woj.wołyńskie, 1931. PDF file, 21.21 MB. The complete text of the Polish census of 1931 for the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39), page 59 (select, drop-down menu). Wikimedia Commons.
  7. ↑ Wydarzenia 1931 roku. Historia-Polski.com. Wykaz miast RP z populacją żydowską powyżej 12 tysięcy. Łuck: 17.366 czyli 48% ludności.
  8. ↑ Bernd Wegner (1997). From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.
  9. ↑ Marek Wierzbicki, Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką. Bialorus.pl (Warszawa), pp. 1/3. (Polish)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dr Pawel Goldstein, Lutsk (Luck) Ghetto. Geni.com. "In the spring of 1942 a group of young Jews attempted to escape from the ghetto to the forests, but most of them were caught and murdered by the Ukrainians. A few, however, managed to join the Soviet partisans and fought the Germans as part of the Kowpak units."
  11. ↑ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998), Poland's Holocaust (Google Books). Jefferson: McFarland, pp. 17-18, 420. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
  12. ↑ Feliks Trusiewicz, Zbrodnie – Ludobójstwo dokonane na ludności polskiej w powiecie Łuck, woj. wołyńskie, w latach 1939–1944. (War crimes committed against Polish nationals in the Łuck county, 1939–44). Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. In the spring of 1942, a group of youths was killed trying to escape. Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries.
  14. ↑ Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis (2004). Harvest of Despair. Harvard University Press via Google Books. p. 14. ISBN 0-674-02078-2. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  15. ↑ Władysław Siemaszko (22 June 2011). "Lato 1941 – polski dramat" [Summer of 1941 – The Polish Drama] (PDF). IPN Bulletin (Institute of National Remembrance) (Special Issue. On the 70th Anniversary of Prisoner Massacres): 8. Retrieved 5 August 2015. Document size 1.63 MB.
  16. ↑ Berkhoff 2004, p. 241.
  17. ↑ Piotrowski 1998, p. 17.
  18. 1 2 Ronald Headland (1992), Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, p. 125. ISBN 0-8386-3418-4.
  19. ↑ Headland 1992, chpt. Army Cooperation with the Einsatzgruppen, p. 141.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Yad Vashem, testimony of Shmuel Shulman (Shmulik Shilo), Liquidation of the Jewish inmates of the Łuck labor camp in December 1942 on YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 IZRUS (October 2011). "The forgotten December". The fall of "masada" of Western Ukraine. The Berdichev Revival. Testimony of one of the few surviving participants in the revolt, Shmuel Shilo from Kibbutz Tseelim, is preserved in the Book of Memory of Lutsky Jews "Sefer Lutsk" (translated from Hebrew). Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  22. ↑ Yad Vashem, Luck, town. On September 3, 1942 about 2,000 Jews who remained in the Luck ghetto were shot near the city. 2. On December 12, 1942 ca. 100 (500) Jewish craftsmen, the last surviving Jews in the work camp, were killed.
  23. ↑ Andrzej Mielcarek, Wieś i kolonia Hnidawa, inaczej Gnidawa, powiat Łuck; Gromada Połonka. Interactive 1936 map included. Strony o Wołyniu Wolyn.ovh.org in Polish. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  24. ↑ "The Holocaust by bullets" by National Geographic Channel on YouTube Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 Dr Maria Ciesielska, Klara Jackl, ed. (2014). "Rodzina Strusińskich". Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany (Bestowed titles). Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci (Polish Righteous – Return of Memory). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  26. 1 2 Wojciech Załuska, Andrew Rajcher, transl. (2012). "The Ostrowski Family". Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci (Polish Righteous – Return of Memory). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
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