'Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafi'i

'Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafiqi^[1] or al-Rafi'i^[2] (Arabic: عيسى بن منصور الرافقي‎; died 847) was a governor of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate, holding that position from 831 to 832 and again from 843 to 847.

First governorship

Regarding 'Isa's background, the Egyptian chronicler Ibn Taghribirdi identified him as "'Isa ibn Mansur ibn Musa ibn 'Isa al-Rafiqi, mawla of the Banu Nasr ibn Mu'awiyah" tribe of the Qays 'Aylan.^[3] In 830 he is mentioned by al-Kindi in connection with the suppression of a revolt in the Hawf district of Egypt during the governorship of 'Abdawayh ibn Jabalah.^[4] Following 'Abdawayh's dismissal in the following year, 'Isa was appointed as resident governor in his stead by Abu Ishaq (the future caliph al-Mu'tasim, r. 833–842), who held overall authority over the administration of Egypt and Syria, and he began his governorship around the beginning of 832.^[5]

Shortly after 'Isa became governor, he was forced to deal with a major rebellion in Lower Egypt, where the local Arabs and Copts united to oppose the government. 'Isa prepared to fight against the rebels, but he quickly realized that his forces were too weak and was compelled to retreat from them instead. Assistance soon came when al-Afshin marched east from Barqah, arriving in al-Fustat near the end of July 831. After waiting for the seasonal flooding of the Nile to subside, al-Afshin and 'Isa set out, engaged the forces of the rebel leader Ibn 'Ubaydas al-Fihri and defeated them. Al-Afshin then proceeded to fight his way through the Nile Delta, eventually entering Alexandria in January 832, while 'Isa for his part returned to Fustat, then marched out again and scored a victory against the rebels at Tumayy.^[6]

In 832 the caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) decided to personally go to Egypt, arriving in the province in February. There he upbraided 'Isa, holding him responsible for the outbreak of the rebellion, and accusing him of allowing the tax collectors to behave tyrannically against the people and of concealing the true state of affairs in the province. 'Isa's banners were struck and he was forced to wear white garments (as opposed to the Abbasid color of black),^[7] and he lost the governorship of Egypt. Al-Ma'mun and al-Afshin then defeated the remaining rebels and Ibn 'Ubaydus was executed.^[8]

Second governorship

In 843 'Isa was again appointed as resident governor of Egypt. He was initially selected for the position by the Turkish general Ashinas; when Ashinas died in 844, however, 'Isa reported instead to his replacement Itakh, who confirmed him as governor.^[9]

Upon the ascension of the caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) in August 847, 'Isa gave the oath of allegiance to him. Shortly after this, however, he was dismissed as governor in October and was replaced with Harthamah ibn al-Nadr al-Jabali. Soon after his dismissal he fell ill, and he died in the following month.^[9]

Notes

1. Al-Kindi 1912, p. 189; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 215
2. Al-Maqrizi 1987, p. 311.
3. Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 215.
4. Al-Kindi 1912, p. 189.
5. Al-Kindi 1912, p. 190; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 215
6. Al-Kindi 1912, pp. 190-91; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, pp. 215-16; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 568; Morimoto 1981, pp. 161-63; Kennedy 1998, p. 83
7. Baker 2006, p. 198.
8. Al-Kindi 1912, pp. 191-92; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 216; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 569; Al-Tabari 1987, pp. 188, 191; Morimoto 1981, p. 165; Kennedy 1998, p. 83
9. Al-Kindi 1912, p. 196; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, pp. 255-56

References

• Baker, Patricia L. (2006). "Court Dress, 'Abbasid". In Meri, Josef W. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1: A-K, Index. New York: Routledge. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-415-96691-4.
• Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (1930). Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya.
• Kennedy, Hugh (1998). "Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641-868". In Petry, Carl F. Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. ISBN 0-521-47137-0.
• Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (1912). Guest, Rhuvon, ed. The Governors and Judges of Egypt. Leydon and London: E. J. Brill.
• Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn 'Ali (1987). Al-Mawa'iz wa al-I'tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa al-Athar, Volume I (Second ed.). Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah.
• Morimoto, Kosei (1981). The Fiscal Administration of Egypt in the Early Islamic Period. Kyoto: Dohosha.
• Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987). Yar-Shater, Ehsan, ed. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Trans. Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-058-7.
• Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub (1883). Houtsma, M. Th., ed. Historiae, Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill.