1000
- This article is about the single year 1000; see 1000s, 990s, 10th century, 11th century for events or processes with "approximate date" 1000.
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 9th century – 10th century – 11th century |
| Decades: | 970s 980s 990s – 1000s – 1010s 1020s 1030s |
| Years: | 997 998 999 – 1000 – 1001 1002 1003 |
| 1000 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishment and disestablishment categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1000 M |
| Ab urbe condita | 1753 |
| Armenian calendar | 449 ԹՎ ՆԽԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5750 |
| Bengali calendar | 407 |
| Berber calendar | 1950 |
| English Regnal year | N/A |
| Buddhist calendar | 1544 |
| Burmese calendar | 362 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6508–6509 |
| Chinese calendar | 己亥年 (Earth Pig) 3696 or 3636 — to — 庚子年 (Metal Rat) 3697 or 3637 |
| Coptic calendar | 716–717 |
| Discordian calendar | 2166 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 992–993 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4760–4761 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1056–1057 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 922–923 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4101–4102 |
| Holocene calendar | 11000 |
| Igbo calendar | 0–1 |
| Iranian calendar | 378–379 |
| Islamic calendar | 390–391 |
| Japanese calendar | Chōhō 2 (長保２年) |
| Julian calendar | 1000 M |
| Korean calendar | 3333 |
| Minguo calendar | 912 before ROC 民前912年 |
| Seleucid era | 1311/1312 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1542–1543 |
Year 1000 (M) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was also the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the 1st millennium of the Dionysian era ending on December 31st, but the first year of the 1000s decade.
The year falls well into the period of Old World history known as the Middle Ages; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. The Muslim world was in its Golden Age. China was in its Song dynasty, Japan was in its classical Heian period. India was divided into a number of lesser empires, such as the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, Pala Empire (Kamboja Pala dynasty; Mahipala), Chola dynasty (Raja Raja Chola I), Yadava dynasty, etc. Sub-Saharan Africa was still in the prehistoric period, although Arab slave trade was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the Sahelian kingdoms. The pre-Columbian New World was in a time of general transition in many regions. Wari and Tiwanaku cultures receded in power and influence while Chachapoya and Chimú cultures rose toward florescence in South America. In Mesoamerica, the Maya Terminal Classic period saw the decline of many grand polities of the Petén like Palenque and Tikal yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the Yucatán region like Chichén Itzá and Uxmal. Mitla, with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning Monte Albán. Cholula flourished in central Mexico, as did Tula, the center of Toltec culture.
World population is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.[1]
Muslim world
The Islamic World was in its Golden Age; still organised in Caliphates, it was still dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, and ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. Persia was a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abassid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.
The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in the year 1000 include Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Avicenna, Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi). Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and Abu al-Qasim (Al-Tasrif), who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages altogether.
The Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulghars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.
Christendom
In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I Chrobry) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.
In France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first of the Capetian kings.
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. In the year 1000, the Byzantine generals Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and of other medieval Slavic states.
In Great Britain, a unified kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000.
On September 9, King Olaf Tryggvason was defeated by an alliance of his enemies in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. Oslo, Norway, was founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000).
The Papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism later in the 11th century.
Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.
Sancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba at this time was the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants.
It is believed that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows, probably in modern-day Newfoundland.
- The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France.
- The Diocese of Kołobrzeg was founded.
- The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Gaudentius (Radim), from Slavník's dynasty.
- The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.
Largest Cities
1 Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba 450,000
2 Kaifeng, China 400,000
3 Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire 300,000
4 Angkor, Khmer Empire 200,000
5 Kyoto, Japan 175,000
6 Cairo, Egypt 135,000
7 Baghdad, Iraq 125,000
9 Al-Hasa, Qarmatian State 110,000
10 Patan, Gujarat 100,000[2]
Births
- Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1048)
- Lý Thái Tông, Emperor of Vietnam (d. 1054)
- Qawam al-Daula, ruler of Kerman (d. 1028)
- Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (d. 1064)
- Constantine IX Monomachos, a Byzantine emperor (d. 1055)
Deaths
- September 9 – Olaf I of Norway (killed at the Battle of Svold) (b. 969)
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Persian astronomer and mathematician (b. 940)
- Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Persian physicist, mathematician and astronomer
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab writer and traveller
- Ælfthryth, second or third wife of Edgar of England
- Garcia IV of Pamplona
- David III of Tao (murdered by his nobles)
- Huyan Zan, Chinese general
- Hrosvit, Saxon nun
References
- ↑ 310 million: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 254 million: Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13.
- ↑ http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm
- Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (1999) ISBN 0-316-55840-0
- John Man Atlas of the Year 1000 (1999) ISBN 0-14-051419-8