1191

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	11th century – 12th century – 13th century
Decades:	1160s  1170s  1180s  – 1190s –  1200s  1210s  1220s
Years:	1188 1189 1190 – 1191 – 1192 1193 1194

1191 by topic

Politics

State leaders – Sovereign states

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments

Art and literature

1191 in poetry

1191 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1191 MCXCI
Ab urbe condita	1944
Armenian calendar	640 ԹՎ ՈԽ
Assyrian calendar	5941
Bengali calendar	598
Berber calendar	2141
English Regnal year	2 Ric. 1 – 3 Ric. 1
Buddhist calendar	1735
Burmese calendar	553
Byzantine calendar	6699–6700
Chinese calendar	庚戌年 (Metal Dog) 3887 or 3827     — to — 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 3888 or 3828
Coptic calendar	907–908
Discordian calendar	2357
Ethiopian calendar	1183–1184
Hebrew calendar	4951–4952
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1247–1248
- Shaka Samvat	1113–1114
- Kali Yuga	4292–4293
Holocene calendar	11191
Igbo calendar	191–192
Iranian calendar	569–570
Islamic calendar	586–587
Japanese calendar	Kenkyū 2 (建久２年)
Julian calendar	1191 MCXCI
Korean calendar	3524
Minguo calendar	721 before ROC 民前721年
Seleucid era	1502/1503 AG
Thai solar calendar	1733–1734

Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia

• July 12 – Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of the Third Crusade leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria on the city's walls and towers. Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France to take possession of a part of Flanders whose count had died at the siege of Acre. Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.^[1]
• September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade.
• Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.
• First recorded administration of the Taungoo region in modern-day Myanmar when Pagan King Narapatisithu appoints a son-in-law, Ananda Thuriya, to be governor of Kanba Myint.

Europe

• April 17 – Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome.^[2]
• May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
• Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Celestine III.
• Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).
• After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.^[3] In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer so Sal while Palmela and Almada are sacked.^[4]

By topic

Technology

• The first reference to the windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East during the middle 9th century. The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219.

Religion

• April 14 – Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III as the 175th pope.
• November 27 – Reginald fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
• Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.
• The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman and announce to have discovered the tomb of king Arthur and Queen Guinevere.^[5]

Births

• February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)
• Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1220)

Deaths

• January 20 – Theobald V, Count of Blois (b. 1130)
• March 20 – Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (b. 1167)
• March 27 – Pope Clement III
• December 26 – Reginald fitz Jocelin, Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
• William V, Marquess of Montferrat, Burgundian crusader (b. c. 1115)
• Walter of the Mill, archdeacon of Cefalù, dean of Agrigento and archbishop of Palermo

In fiction

• The events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin's Creed take place in this year.

References

1. King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 43
2. Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.316.
3. Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
4. Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
5. Grandsen, Antonia (2001). "The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century". In J. P. Carley. Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 0-85991-572-7.