1868 Hayward earthquake

1868 Hayward earthquake
Santa Rosa Santa Cruz
Date	October 21, 1868 (1868-10-21)
Origin time	15:53 UTC ^[1]
Magnitude	6.8–7.0 M_L
Epicenter	37°42′N 122°06′W / 37.7°N 122.1°W / 37.7; -122.1Coordinates: 37°42′N 122°06′W / 37.7°N 122.1°W / 37.7; -122.1 ^[1]
Areas affected	United States, California
Total damage	$350 million ^[1]
Max. intensity	IX (Violent) ^[1]
Casualties	30 ^[1]

Damaged building in Hayward

The 1868 Hayward earthquake occurred in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States on October 21. With an estimated Richter magnitude of 6.8–7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), it was the most recent large earthquake to occur on the Hayward Fault Zone. It caused significant damage and a number of deaths throughout the region, and was known as the "Great San Francisco earthquake" prior to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

Earthquake

The earthquake occurred at 7:53 a.m. on October 21, 1868. Its epicenter was likely located near Hayward, California, and its magnitude has been estimated to have been 6.8–7.0 on the Richter scale. At the surface, ground rupture was traced for 20 miles (32 km), from San Leandro to what is now the Warm Springs District in Fremont.^[2]

Damage

The town of Hayward experienced the most damage, with nearly every building destroyed or significantly damaged in the earthquake. The Alameda County Courthouse in San Leandro was destroyed, which resulted in the re-location of the County Seat to Oakland, its current site. The adobe chapel of Mission San José in what is now Fremont was also destroyed, as were several buildings in San Jose, San Francisco and throughout Alameda County. Damage was reported from Santa Rosa in the north to Gilroy and Santa Cruz in the south. Thirty deaths were attributed to the earthquake.^[2]

Intensity

The United States Geological Survey estimates that Hayward experienced shaking measuring IX (Violent) on the modified Mercalli scale. San Leandro experienced shaking measuring VIII (Severe), while San Francisco and Oakland experienced shaking measuring VII (Very Strong).^[3]

Damage at the Hayward stud mill

References

1 2 3 4 5 Stover, C.W.; Coffman, J.L. (1993). Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (Revised). U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1527. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 73, 104.
1 2 "Historic Earthquakes: Hayward, California, 1868 October 21 15:53 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 1993. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
↑ The 1868 Hayward Earthquake: 139 years and counting... (press conference). Hayward Area Historical and Society Museum: U.S. Geological Survey, Association of Bay Area Governments, Hayward Area Historical and Society Museum, Vice Mayor-City of Hayward. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2008.

Sources

Aldrich, M. L.; Bolt, B. A.; Leviton, A. E.; Rodda, P. U. (1986), "The "Report" of the 1868 Haywards earthquake", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (Seismological Society of America) 76 (1): 71–76
Boatwright, J.; Bundock, H., Modified Mercalli Intensity Maps for the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Plotted in ShakeMap Format, Open-File Report 2008-1121, United States Geological Survey

External links

Earthquakes in California

Very Large (7.0 or greater)	1857 Fort Tejon (7.9) 1872 Lone Pine (7.4–7.9) 1892 Laguna Salada (7.1–7.2) 1906 San Francisco (7.8) 1952 Kern County (7.3) 1980 Eureka (7.3) 1992 Cape Mendocino (7.2) 1992 Landers (7.3) 1999 Hector Mine (7.1) 2010 Baja California (7.2)

Large (6.0-6.9)	1812 Wrightwood (6.9) 1868 Hayward (6.8) 1925 Santa Barbara (6.8) 1933 Long Beach (6.4) 1940 El Centro (6.9) 1948 Desert Hot Springs (6.3) 1971 San Fernando (6.5–6.7) 1979 Imperial Valley (6.4) 1983 Coalinga (6.2) 1984 Morgan Hill (6.2) 1986 North Palm Springs (6.0) 1986 Chalfant Valley (6.2) 1989 Loma Prieta (6.9) 1992 Big Bear (6.5) 1994 Northridge (6.7) 2003 San Simeon (6.6) 2004 Parkfield (6.0) 2010 Eureka (6.5) 2014 South Napa (6.0)

Moderate (less than 6.0)	1957 San Francisco (5.7) 1969 Santa Rosa (5.6, 5.7) 1979 Coyote Lake (5.7) 1987 Whittier Narrows (5.9) 1991 Sierra Madre (5.6) 2000 Yountville (5.0) 2007 Alum Rock (5.6) 2008 Chino Hills (5.5)

Hayward, California

Landmarks

Parks

Education

Colleges and universities	California State University, East Bay Chabot College

Primary and secondary schools	Hayward Unified School District Hayward High School Tennyson High School Mount Eden High School Moreau Catholic High School

Transportation

Economy

History

Earthquakes in the United States

Historical	1638 New Hampshire 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1755 Cape Ann 1811–12 New Madrid 1812 Wrightwood 1857 Fort Tejon 1865 Memphis 1867 Manhattan, Kansas 1868 Hawaii 1868 Hayward 1872 Lone Pine 1872 North Cascades 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada

20th-century	1906 San Francisco 1906 Aleutian Islands 1909 Wabash River 1915 Pleasant Valley 1916 Irondale 1925 Santa Barbara 1931 Valentine 1933 Long Beach 1935 Helena 1940 El Centro 1940 New Hampshire 1944 Cornwall–Massena 1946 Aleutian Islands 1947 Wisconsin 1948 Desert Hot Springs 1949 Olympia 1952 Kern County 1957 Andreanof Islands 1957 San Francisco 1959 Hebgen Lake 1964 Alaska 1965 Rat Islands 1965 Olympia 1968 Illinois 1969 Santa Rosa 1971 San Fernando 1975 Near Islands 1975 Morris 1975 Hawaii 1979 Coyote Lake 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Eureka 1983 Coalinga 1983 Borah Peak 1984 Morgan Hill 1986 North Palm Springs 1986 Chalfant Valley 1987 Whittier Narrows 1989 Loma Prieta 1991 Sierra Madre 1992 Cape Mendocino 1992 Landers 1992 Big Bear 1993 Scotts Mills 1993 Klamath Falls 1994 Northridge 1995 Marathon 1996 Duvall 1998 Pymatuning 1999 Hector Mine 2000 Yountville

21st-century	2001 Nisqually 2002 Denali 2003 Alabama 2003 San Simeon 2006 Gulf of Mexico 2006 Hawaii 2007 Alum Rock 2007 Andreanof Islands 2008 Illinois 2008 Chino Hills 2010 Eureka 2010 Illinois 2010 Baja California 2010 Indiana 2011 Colorado 2011 Virginia 2011 Oklahoma 2014 Aleutian Islands 2014 Southeast Alaska 2014 South Napa

Swarms	2001 Enola 2008 Reno 2010–11 Guy-Greenbrier 2012 Brawley 2009–16 Oklahoma

← Earthquakes in 1868 →

Hawaii (7.9, April 2) † Arica (8.5–9.0, Aug 13) † Ecuador (6.3 & 6.7, Aug 15 & 16) †‡ Hayward (6.8–7.0, Oct 21)

† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year

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