Congo Arab war

Congo-Arab war
Raid by slavers in Nyangwe
Date 1892–1894 Location Central and eastern Congo Free State Result Free State victory
Belligerents
Congo Free State Supported by:  Belgium	Arab-Swahili Sultanates in Eastern Congo
Commanders and leaders
Francis Dhanis Louis-Napoléon Chaltin Gongo Lutete (mid 1892-September 1893)	Sefu † Rumaliza Gongo Lutete (until mid 1892)
Units involved
3,500 regular soldiers Around 10,000 total.	~100,000 men

The Congo Arab war (also known as the Belgo-Arab War) took place in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo between the forces of Belgian King Leopold II's Congo Free State and various Zanzibari "Arab" slave traders led by Sefu, the son of Tippu Tip. Fighting occurred in the eastern Congo between 1892 and 1894. It was a proxy war, with most of the fighting being done by native Congolese, who aligned themselves with either side and sometimes switched sides.^[1] The causes of the war were mainly economic, since Leopold and the Arabs were contending to gain control of the wealth of the Congo.^[2] The war ended in January 1894 with a victory of Leopold's forces. Initially King Leopold collaborated with the Arabs but competition over the control of ivory turned his stance to confrontational.^[3] The war against the Swahili-Arab economic and political power was presented as a Christian anti-slavery crusade.^[3] The Congo Free State regime, however, was effectively another slave society that devastated the Congo demographically in a far shorter period of time than the Arab slave traders had.

Prelude

In 1886, while Tippu Tip was in Zanzibar, a dispute arose between a Congo Free State fort at Stanley Falls, led by Tip, and a smaller, nearby fort led by Walter Deane and Dubois. Tip's men at the Stanley Falls fort alleged that Deane had stolen a slave woman from an Arab officer there. Deane asserted that the girl had fled after being badly beaten by her master, and that he had only offered her refuge. Tip's men attacked the fort and after a four-day siege, the defenders ran out of ammunition and fled, abandoning the fort.^[4] The Free State made no counterattack, and Tip began to move more men into the Congo, including several Arab slave captains and also some Congolese leaders, such as Gongo Lutete.^[4]

In March and April 1892, Tip's son Sefu began to lead attacks on various Congo Free State (CFS) personnel in the eastern Congo, including the British ivory trader Arthur Hodister and Captain Guillaume Van Kerckhoven, who had been taking ivory by force from Arab traders.^[5] Gongo Luteta also led actions in the east at this time, but defected to the Force Publique after suffering a defeat early on.^[6]

By October 1892, Sefu was leading a force of 10,000 men, some 500 Zanzibari officers and the rest Congolese.^[6] The Belgian Force Publique, led by Francis Dhanis, consisted of a few dozen Belgian officers commanding several thousand African auxiliaries.^[7]

Course of the war

Nyangwe

Kasongo

Stanley Falls

Significant locations during the war.

Open warfare broke out in late November 1892, when Sefu set up a fort on the Lomami River, where he was attacked by the Force Publique and defeated.^[7] Dhanis used this battle as a pretext for advancing against the Arabs in force.^[8]

He allowed his army to travel with all of their wives, slaves, and servants, who did all of the army's cooking and cleaning and acted as a supply train.^[9] In addition, he did not allow his men to harm local non-combatants, earning him goodwill of the local Congolese people.^[9]

In early 1893 the Free State took the key river city of Nyangwe after a 6-week siege that devastated the city. Of 1000 original buildings in the city, only one remained standing after the siege.^[10] Later, Free State forces took Kasongo, in the north.^[11][12][13] The war's last major battle occurred on 20 October 1893, on the Luama River, west of Lake Tanganyika.^[14] It was a tactical stalemate, but the Sefu was killed,^[15] and the remaining resistance soon fell apart. The war ended in Free State victory by January 1894.^[16][17]

See also

• Batetela Rebellions

References

Notes

1. Edgerton, pp. 94–95
2. Edgerton, p. 85
3. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja: The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History, 2002, ISBN 1842770535, page 21.
4. Edgerton, p. 94
5. Edgerton, p. 98
6. Edgerton, p. 99
7. Cyclopedia, p. 190
8. Pakenham, p. 433
9. Edgerton, p. 100
10. Hinde, p. 180
11. Edgerton, pp. 102–104
12. Wack, p. 192
13. Hinde, p. 182
14. Vandervort, Bruce (1998). Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914. Indiana University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-253-21178-6.
15. Hinde, p. 231
16. Edgerton 104
17. Ewans, p. 140

Bibliography

• Edgerton, Robert B. (2002). The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30486-2.
• Hinde, Sidney Langford (1897). The Fall of the Congo Arabs.
• Wack, Henry Wellington (1905). The story of the Congo Free State: social, political, and economic aspects of the Belgian system of government in Central Africa. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–195.
• Ewans, Martin (2002). European atrocity, African catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-7007-1589-4.
• Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The scramble for Africa: white man's conquest of the dark continent from 1876 to 1912. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-71999-1.
• American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events, Volume 33. 1894.

External links

• WHKMLA - History of the Belgo-Arab War, 189201894
• Papers Past, Sydney Morning Herald, 1897: An Unknown War