1901 Atlantic hurricane season

1901 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First system formed June 11, 1901 (June 11, 1901)
Last system dissipated November 6, 1901 (November 6, 1901)
Strongest storm1 Seven – 961 mbar (hPa) (28.38 inHg), 105 mph (165 km/h)
Total depressions 13
Total storms 13
Hurricanes 6
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 0
Total fatalities 1
Total damage $1 million (1901 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903

The 1901 Atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1901,[nb 1] featuring the development of thirteen tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm strength, of which six strengthened further to become hurricanes. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also indicated but could not confirm the presence of an additional tropical in October 1901.[2] However, the reanalysis added a previously undetected hurricane to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT). Although there were no official bounds to the hurricane season, activity was spread evenly during the summer and autumn months of 1901, beginning with the development of the first disturbance south of Cuba on June 11 and ending with the dissipation of the final disturbance well northeast of Bermuda on November 6. The seventh tropical cyclone that year was the strongest, attaining maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), equivalent to a modern day Category 2 hurricane.

Storms

Tropical Storm One

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration June 11 – June 15
Peak intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min)  <1010 mbar (hPa)

The first tropical depression of the season developed over the Caribbean Sea just west of the Cayman Islands on June 11. Moving northeastward, it strengthened into a tropical storm shortly before landfall in western Cuba early the next day.[3] Locations such as Havana recorded rainfall, but no unusually strong winds.[4] Thereafter, the storm moved generally northward across the eastern Gulf of Mexico and likely maintained the same intensity as a 40 mph (65 km/h) tropical storm.[3] On the east coast of Florida, a wind speed of 36 mph (58 km/h) was observed in Jupiter. At 21:00 UTC on June 13, the storm made landfall near Carrabelle, Florida, with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h).[3] Charleston, South Carolina, far from the center, observed winds of 43 mph (69 km/h).[4] Although the system weakened to a depression by early on June 14, it persisted until dissipating over Illinois late on June 15.[3]

Tropical Storm Two

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration July 1 – July 10
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) < 1007 mbar (hPa)

This storm was first observed on July 1 about 225 miles (360 km) north of the modern day French Guiana–Suriname border. The storm intensified slowly and moved northwestward, reaching the Windward Islands early on July 3. Around that time, the cyclone passed between Grenada and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[3] with little impact.[4] By July 5, the system peaked as a strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h), while beginning to curve west-northwestward over the eastern Caribbean Sea.[3] Along the south coast of Haiti, strong winds and "severe rain" were reported.[4] Later that day, the storm passed to the southwest of the Tiburon Peninsula.[3]

Thereafter, the storm paralleled the south coast of Cuba, until making landfall in Pinar del Río Province late on July 7.[3] Abnormally high tides and strong winds caused flooding in a majority of homes along the south coat of the province.[4] Early on July 8, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.[3] The Weather Bureau office in Galveston, Texas, began warning residents of the approaching cyclone on July 9.[4] The storm weakened while approaching the coast, and around 10:00 UTC on the following day, it made landfall near Matagorda with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[3] Some locations reported tropical storm force winds. Tides caused water to reach waterfront streets in Galveston.[4] The storm quickly weakened and dissipated late on July 10.[3]

Hurricane Three

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration July 4 – July 13
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  983 mbar (hPa)

Another July storm formed near the same location as the previous storm on July 4. It moved westward, hitting the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic as a tropical storm. The storm strengthened to hurricane strength, hit the Outer Banks, and looped around to hit near the North Carolina/South Carolina border.

Hurricane Four

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 2 – August 16
Peak intensity 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min)  973 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression developed about 615 mi (990 km) southwest of Flores Island in the Azores on August 2. Moving southwestward and later westward, the depression remained weak for several days, until strengthening into a tropical storm while approaching the Bahamas early on August 9. It then crossed through the islands and intensified only slightly. Late on August 10, the storm made landfall near Deerfield Beach, Florida. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico the next day, the storm continued to intensified and reached hurricane status on August 12. Early on August 13, the hurricane peaked with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). After weakening slightly, the cyclone struck Louisiana late on August 14 and then Mississippi less than 24 hours later. The system weakened to a tropical storm early on August 16 and became extratropical several hours later. Thereafter, the remnants persisted until dissipating over Indiana late on August 18.[3]

Along portions of the east coast of Florida, "considerable damage" was reported due to strong winds.[4] In Alabama, trees were uprooted, houses were de-roofed, and chimneys collapsed in Mobile. Some areas of the city were also inundated with up to 18 inches (460 mm) of water due to storm tide. Several yachts, schooners, and ships were wrecked or sunk, resulting in at least $70,000 in damage.[5] However, due to warnings by the Weather Bureau, the Mobile Chamber of Commerce estimated that several millions of dollars in damage was evaded. All towns along the coast of Mississippi "suffered seriously".[6] In Louisiana, severe damage was reported at some towns due to strong winds and high tides. The community of Port Eads reported that only the lighthouse was not destroyed,[7] while other sources state that an office building also remained standing.[6] In New Orleans, overflowing levees inundated numerous streets. Outside the city, crops suffered severely, particularly rice.[5] Overall, the storm caused 10–15 deaths and $1 million in damage.[4][6]

Tropical Storm Five

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 18 – August 22
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  <1012 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression developed about 415 mi (670 km) south-southwest of Paramaribo, Suriname, on August 18. The system moved just north of due west throughout its duration and deepened into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. On August 20, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Late on August 20, the storm passed through the Windward Islands just north of Grenada.[3] According to Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Robert Baxter Llewelyn, no damage occurred on Grenada. At Barbados, three lighters and a schooner, the Myosettis, were wrecked. The jetties and vessels at them were destroyed on Saint Vincent.[4] After reaching the Caribbean, the storm began weakening, probably due to colder sea surface temperatures and the storm's proximity to South America.[8] On August 21, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression. Continuing westward, it dissipated at 18:00 UTC on the following day while situated about 65 mi (105 km) west-northwest of Aruba.[3]

Hurricane Six

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 25 – August 30
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  <991 mbar (hPa)

A tropical storm was first observed just east of Boa Vista in the Cape Verde Islands on August 25. The storm moved west-northwest and struck the island with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) a few hours later. After reaching the open Atlantic, the system intensified and reached hurricane status early on August 27. Later that day, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h),[3] an observation from the Norwegian barque Professor Johnson.[9] The hurricane began weakening early on August 28 and fell to tropical storm intensity shortly thereafter.[3] By late on August 30, the storm was analysed to have dissipated about 1,145 mi (1,845 km) northwest of Santo Antão in the Cape Verde Islands.[9]

Hurricane Seven

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 29 – September 10
Peak intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min)  991 mbar (hPa)

Historical weather maps indicate that a tropical depression developed about 115 mi (185 km) southeast of Praia, Cape Verde, early on August 29.[8] Six hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm.[3] While passing south of Cape Verde on August 29, the storm brought rough seas to the islands, sinking two vessels. Strong winds and torrential rainfall damaged coffee and sugar cane crops and houses. Livestock and people were killed.[10] Thereafter, the storm slowly strengthened while continuing westward into the open Atlantic for a few days, until a slight curve to the west-northwest by August 31. The system intensified into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 1.[3]

Continuing to deepen, the cyclone became a Category 2 hurricane on September 3. By the following day, it turned northward and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for a few days, until curving northeastward on September 6, at which time it began to slowly weaken. By September 8, the storm turned to the east and fell to Category 1 status.[3] Around this time, a barometric pressure of 991 mbar (29.3 inHg) was observed, the lowest recorded in relation to the storm.[9] The hurricane soon recurved back to the northeast and accelerated. Late on September 10, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 430 mi (690 km) north-northeast of Corvo Island in the Azores. The remnants moved quickly northeastward and dissipated southwest of Ireland on September 11.[3]

Hurricane Eight

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 9 – September 18
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  <1001 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Eight moved through the northern Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles, recurved, and hit near Pensacola, Florida in early to middle September. The system caused a significant amount of rain across Georgia and the Carolinas, with the maximum amount reported 11.4 inches (290 mm) at Americus, Georgia.[11]

Tropical Storm Nine

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 12 – September 17
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 

The season's ninth storm formed and died off the coast of Africa.

Tropical Storm Ten

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 21 – September 28
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 

The tenth storm of the season formed in the central Caribbean, moved northward through Cuba, and hit the Florida Panhandle in late September. In Florida, a church was destroyed killing 1 person.

Tropical Storm Eleven

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration October 5 – October 10
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) 

The eleventh storm remained out at sea.

Tropical Storm Twelve

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration October 15 – October 18
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 

Tropical Storm Twelve formed south of Cuba, crossed over, and strengthened before becoming extratropical.

Hurricane Thirteen

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration October 30 – November 5
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  <989 mbar (hPa)

The final storm formed north of Puerto Rico in late October, reached hurricane strength southeast of Bermuda, and dissipated in early November.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ An average season, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes.[1]

References

  1. ↑ Climate Prediction Center Internet Team (August 4, 2011). "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  2. ↑ Landsea, Chris; et al. (April 2014). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (February 17, 2016). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jose F. Partagas (1997). Year 1901 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Hurricane's Great Havoc Near Mobile". Los Angeles Herald-Examiner (Los Angeles, California: California Digital Newspaper Collection). August 17, 1901. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 Edward B. Garriott (1901). Forecasts and Warnings (PDF). Weather Bureau (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory). Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  7. ↑ David M. Roth (April 8, 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF). Weather Prediction Center (Report) (College Park, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  8. 1 2 Jose F. Partagas (1997). Year 1901 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands". Weather Underground. August 31, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  11. ↑ United States Corp of Engineers (1945). Storm Total Rainfall In The United States. War Department. p. SA 2–5.

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