1968 in science

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The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• Thomas Gold explains the recently discovered radio pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.^[1]

Computer science

• April – First book printed completely using electronic composition, the United States edition of Andrew Garve's thriller The Long Short Cut.^[2][3]
• July 18 – The semiconductor chip company Intel is founded by Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce in Mountain View, California.
• December 9 – In what becomes retrospectively known as "The Mother of All Demos", Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center demonstrates for the first time the computer mouse, the video conference, teleconferencing, hypertext, word processing, hypermedia, object addressing, the dynamic linker and a collaborative real-time editor using NLS.^[4][5][6]

Medicine

• January 2 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful human heart transplant, in South Africa, on Philip Blaiberg, who survives for nineteen months.
• November – Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren in Norwalk, Ohio, caused by "Norwalk agent", the first identified norovirus.
• Publication of a Harvard committee report on irreversible coma establishes a paradigm for defining brain death.^[7][8]
• Doctors perform the first successful bone marrow transplant, to treat severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Physics

• Georges Charpak develops the multiwire proportional chamber for particle detection at CERN.^[9]

Psychology

• John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrate the bystander effect.^[10]
• Walter Mischel publishes Personality and Assessment.

Robotics

• January – Miomir Vukobratović proposes Zero Moment Point, a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion.

Space exploration

• September 15–22 – Zond program: Soviet spacecraft Zond 5 becomes the first vehicle to circle the Moon (September 18) and return to splashdown on Earth. It also carries the first living organisms to circle the Moon, including two Russian tortoises, Piophila, mealworms, plants and bacteria.
• October 11 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver.
• December 24 – Apollo 8 enters Moon orbit. Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders are the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. Anders photographs Earthrise.

Events

• April 4 – United States theatrical release of Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on a story by Arthur C. Clarke.

Publications

• James D. Watson – The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Luis Alvarez
  • Chemistry – Lars Onsager
  • Medicine – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
• Turing Award – Richard Hamming

Births

• June 30 – Samantha Tross, Guyanese-born British orthopedic surgeon

Deaths

• February 22 – May Smith (born 1879), English experimental psychologist.
• March 27 – Yuri Gagarin (born 1934), Russian cosmonaut, the first man in space.
• April 1 – Lev Davidovich Landau (born 1908), Russian physicist.
• July 22 – Muthulakshmi Reddi (born 1886), Indian physician and social reformer.
• July 28 – Otto Hahn (born 1879), German chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• October 27 – Lise Meitner (born 1878), German physicist, discoverer in 1939, with Otto Hahn, of nuclear fission.

References

1. Nature 218 pp. 731–732.
2. Altbach, Philip Gabriel; Hoshino, Edith S. (1995). International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8153-0786-0.
3. Kane, Joseph Nathan (1997). Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in American History (5th ed.). The H.W. Wilson Company. p. 67. ISBN 0-8242-0930-3.
4. English, W. K.; Engelbart, D. C. (1968-12-09). "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect". AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Augment 33 (San Francisco). pp. 395–410. 3954.
5. Tweney, Dylan (2008-09-12). "Dec. 9, 1968: The Mother of All Demos". Wired News. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
6. Metz, Cade (2008-12-11). "The Mother of All Demos — 150 years ahead of its time". The Register. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
7. "A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death". Journal of the American Medical Association 205 (6): 337–340. 1968. doi:10.1001/jama.205.6.337.
8. Machado, Calixto (2005). "The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor". Neurology 64 (11): 1938–42. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000163515.09793.cb.
9. "1968: Georges Charpak revolutionizes detection". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
10. Darley, J. M. & Latané, B. (1968). "Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8: 377–383. doi:10.1037/h0025589.