1972 Bhutto visit to Soviet Union

The 1972 Bhutto's visit to Soviet Union was an important step in normalizing foreign relations between Soviet Union (USSR) and Pakistan.^[1][2][3] On March 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto paid a visit Moscow and engaged in substantive discussions with Soviet leaders, including meeting with Chairman Alexei Kosygin and Secretary-General Leonid Brezhnev.^[4][5]

The visit was marked as a reconciliation between the states and restoration of industrial cooperation as well as a wider shift towards an independent foreign policy, in particular to reduce dependency on the United States.^[6]

Even before electing in 1971, Bhutto had talked of the need of the independent foreign policy and wider relations with the Soviet Union which were fractured in the events of direct war with India, followed by Indo-Soviet Treaty also in 1971.^[7]

Occurring from 2 March till 5 March 1972, the visit strengthened the trade between two states which was increased from 36.2 million rubles (Рубль) to 92.3 million rubles.^[8] The repercussions of Bhutto's visit were vast; including the ₨. 4.5 billion worth Steel Mills in Karachi; the thermal power plant in Guddu; and Pakistan's official departure from SEATO and CENTO.^[9][10] In 1974, Bhutto again visited Moscow as a part of the goodwill mission which were aimed to strengthened ties.^[11][12] The visit yielded mixed results: the Steel Mills was established and inaugurated in 1985, however, the closer ties with China as well as difficulties with India and Afghanistan followed by discovery of Soviet arms continued to had an influential impact on the relations between Pakistan and Soviet Union.^[10]

References

1. Gupta 1975, pp. 86–88.
2. Snyder 1991, p. 60.
3. Syed 1974, pp. 170–171.
4. Snyder 1991, pp. 66–67
5. Syed 1974, p. 1771-173
6. Haroon, Faraz. "Bhutto in Moscow". http://www.thefridaytimes.com. Friday times,. Retrieved 28 April 2015. External link in |website= (help)
7. Racioppi 1994, pp. 90–92.
8. Racioppi 1994, pp. 94–95.
9. Korson 2008, pp. 70–74.
10. Staff works. "Bhutto in Soviet Union". http://www.bhutto.org/. PPP press release. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
11. Russian consular-general. "Russian-Pakistan relations". http://www.rusconsulkarachi.mid.ru/. Russian consular-general. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
12. Raza, Rafi (1997). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan : 1967-1977 (2nd impr. ed.). Karachi: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0195776973.

Further reading

• _{Racioppi, Linda (1994). "Stability and Change". Soviet policy towards South Asia since 1970 (google books) (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 225. ISBN 0521414571. Retrieved 28 April 2015.}
• _{Gupta, Shyam Ratna (1975). India: A Study in Futurism. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 101. ISBN 0883868245. Retrieved 28 April 2015.}
• _{Gerges, James Wynbrandt ; foreword by Fawaz A. (2008). A brief history of Pakistan. New York: Facts On File. p. 320. ISBN 081606184X.}
• _{Korson, ed. by J. Henry (1974). Contemporary problems of Pakistan. Leiden: Brill. p. 147. ISBN 9004039422. Retrieved 28 April 2015.}
• _{Snyder, edited by Robert Jervis, Jack (1991). Dominoes and bandwagons strategic beliefs and great power competition in the Eurasian rimland. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0195362764.}
• _{Syed, Anwar Hussain (1974). China & Pakistan : diplomacy of an entente cordiale. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 245. ISBN 087023160X. Retrieved 28 April 2015.}

Media archives

• _{"Z.A. Bhutto in Moscow 1972". PTV archives. Retrieved 28 April 2015.}