1996 in science

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The year 1996 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

The cloning process that produced Dolly.

• January 30 – Comet Hyakutake is discovered.
• February 17 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft launched. The craft will land on asteroid 433 Eros in 2001.
• May 20 – First naked-eye observation of Comet Hale-Bopp.
• June 4 – The European Space Agency's Cluster is lost when the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 rocket fails, self-destructing 37 seconds after launch from the Guiana Space Centre because of a software bug in the computer control system.^[1]
• November 7 – NASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor.
• The second 9.8 m reflecting telescope opens at Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

Biology

• July 5 – Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at The Roslin Institute in Scotland.
• August 6 – NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms.
• The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae's genome is sequenced, the first eukaryotic genome to be fully sequenced.

Chemistry

• February 9 – Copernicium first created at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov and others.^[2]

Computer science

• January – The Google web search engine originates as "BackRub", a research project using PageRank by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, PhD students at Stanford University, California.^[3]
• January 23 – The first version of the Java programming language is released.
• February 10 – Deep Blue defeats chess grand-master Garry Kasparov for the first time.
• February 27 – Pokémon Red and Blue are released by Nintendo in Japan as Pocket Monsters: Red and Green, developed by Game Freak as the first role-playing video game in the Pokémon series.
• October – The Shetland Times and The Shetland News become involved in a landmark legal case over alleged copyright infringement and deep linking in their websites.^[4]
• The page ranking web search engine RankDex is originated by Robin Li.^[5][6][7][8]
• Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, develops the Wayback Machine software to crawl and archive World Wide Web pages.^[9]
• Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, publishes the quantum database search algorithm.
• IRCnet is founded.

Exploration

• May 23 – Swede Göran Kropp reaches Mount Everest summit alone without oxygen after having bicycled there from Sweden.

Medicine

• March – The Cochrane Library launched.^[10]
• New variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease first identified in humans, in the United Kingdom.^[11]
• Donepezil (Aricept), a palliative treatment for moderate Alzheimer's disease, is approved in the United States.
• Sildenafil (Viagra), a treatment for erectile dysfunction, is patented by Pfizer.^[12]

Meteorology

• January 7 – A large blizzard hits the Eastern United States, killing more than 100.
• May 13 – Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kills 600.
• July 18–21 – Storms provoke severe flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec, in one of Canada's most costly natural disasters.
• August 2 – The first blizzard of snow in Texas.

Philosophy

• Australian philosopher David Chalmers publishes The Conscious Mind: in search of a fundamental theory.

Technology

• Zenith introduces the first HDTV-compatible front projection television in the United States. Broadcasters, TV & PC manufacturers set industry standards for digital HDTV.
• APS film format is introduced.
• Successful demonstration of magnetic refrigeration.

Publications

• Belgian physical chemist Ilya Prigogine publishes La Fin des certitudes (translated as The End of Certainty: time, chaos, and the new laws of nature).
• May - Sokal affair: American mathematical physicist Alan Sokal hoaxes the editors into publishing a deliberately nonsensical paper, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", in a "science wars" issue of the journal Social Text (Duke University Press)^[13] as a critique of the intellectual rigor of postmodernism in academic cultural studies.^[14]

Awards

• Nobel Prize
  • Physics: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
  • Chemistry: Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
  • Medicine: Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
• Kyoto Prize
  • Willard Van Orman Quine is awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for his "outstanding contributions to the progress of philosophy in the 20th century by proposing numerous theories based on keen insights in logic, epistemology, philosophy of science and philosophy of language."^[15]
• Turing Award for Computing: Amir Pnueli
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Nicholas John Shackleton

Births

• July 5 – Dolly (d. 2003), Scottish sheep, the world's first cloned mammal.

Deaths

• January 12 – Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (b. 1903), Dutch mathematician.
• February 20 – Solomon Asch (b. 1907), Polish American social psychologist.
• March 26 – David Packard (b. 1912), American electrical engineer.
• June 6 – George Davis Snell (b. 1903), American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.
• June 17 – Thomas Kuhn (b. 1922), American philosopher of science.
• August 1 – Tadeusz Reichstein (b. 1897), Polish-Swiss winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• August 9 – Sir Frank Whittle (b. 1907), English aeronautical engineer.
• August 12 – Victor Ambartsumian (b. 1908), Soviet Armenian theoretical astrophysicist.
• September 20 – Paul Erdős (b. 1913), Hungarian-born mathematician.
• November 13 – Bobbie Vaile (b. 1959), Australian astrophysicist
• November 19 – Grace Bates (b. 1914), American mathematician.
• November 21 – Abdus Salam (b. 1926), Punjabi-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• December 20 – Carl Sagan (b. 1934), American astronomer.

References

1. Gleick, James (1996-12-01). "A Bug and A Crash". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
2. Hofmann, S.; et al. (1996). "The new element 112". Zeitschrift für Physik A 354 (1): 229–230. doi:10.1007/BF02769517.
3. "Our history in depth". Corporate Information. Google. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
4. "The Shetland Times V. The Shetland News". The 'Lectric Law Library. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
5. Greenberg, Andy (2009-10-05). "The Man Who's Beating Google". Forbes.
6. Li, Yanhong (July–August 1998). "Toward a Qualitative Search Engine". IEEE Internet Computing 2 (4): 24–29. doi:10.1109/4236.707687.
7. "About RankDex". IDD Information Services. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
8. USPTO, "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method", US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: 5 February 1997, Issue date: 6 July 1999.
9. Kahle, Brewster (March 1997). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific American. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
10. "About the Cochrane Library". The Cochrane Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
11. Will, R. G.; Ironside, J. W.; Zeidler, M. (April 1996). "A new variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in the UK". The Lancet 347 (9006): 921–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91412-9. PMID 8598754. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
12. Boolell, M.; Allen, M.J.; Ballard, S.A.; Gepi-Attee, S.; Muirhead, G.J.; Naylor, A.M.; Osterloh, I.H.; Gingell, C. (1996). "Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction". International Journal of Impotence Research 8 (2): 47–52. PMID 8858389.
13. Sokal, Alan D. (1996). "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity". Social Text. 46/47: 217–252. doi:10.2307/466856. JSTOR 466856. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
14. Sokal, Alan D. (May 1996). "A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies". Lingua Franca. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
15. "Willard Van Orman Quine". Inamori Foundation. Retrieved 15 December 2012.