2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
First system formed May 10, 2013
Last system dissipated December 13, 2013
Strongest storm1 Phailin – 940 hPa (mbar), 215 km/h (130 mph) (3-minute sustained)
Depressions 10
Deep depressions 6
Cyclonic storms 5
Severe cyclonic storms 4
Very severe cyclonic storms 3
Total fatalities 323 total
Total damage At least $1.5 billion (2013 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015

The 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones formed in the North Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The season had no official bounds, but cyclones typically formed between May and December, with the peak from October to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD.

The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. On average, 4 to 6 storms form in this basin every season.[1]

Season summary

Cyclone Lehar Cyclone Helen (2013) Tropical Depression Wilma (2013) 2013 Somalia cyclone Cyclone Phailin Cyclone Viyaru

After a five month break in tropical cyclone activity over the basin, the first depression of the year developed over the southern Bay of Bengal on May 10, 2013. The system subsequently developed into Cyclonic Storm Viyaru during May 12, before it made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh during May 16. As a result of the formation of Viyaru, the low level equatorial monsoon flow strengthened over southern parts of the North Indian Ocean, which in turn allowed the south-west monsoon to set in over the Andaman Sea and parts of the Bay of Bengal during May 17.[2] A depression developed and made landfall on West Bengal, during May 29, before it was last noted during May 31. During June 1, the south-west monsoon set in over Kerala, the Maldives and parts of the south and central Arabian Sea. Over the next two weeks one of the fastest onsets of the monsoon over India was observed After the monsoon had set in over Kerala, one of the fastest onsets of the monsoon over India was observed, with the whole nation covered by June 16 or about a month earlier than normal. Reasons for the fast onset included a favourable phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the west-northwest movement of an area of low pressure between June 12-16.

Storms

Cyclonic Storm Viyaru

Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration May 10 – May 17
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Viyaru

Originating from an area of low pressure over the southern Bay of Bengal in early May 2013, Viyaru slowly consolidated into a depression on May 10.[3] The depression gained forward momentum and attained gale-force winds on May 11 and was designated as Cyclonic Storm Viyaru, the first named storm of the season.[4] Operationally, the system was referred to as Mahasen;[5][nb 1] however, this was altered in 2014 with the final report and all archived advisories changed to show Viyaru.[4][6] Owing to adverse atmospheric conditions, the depression struggled to maintain organized convection as it moved closer to eastern India.[7] On May 14, the exposed circulation of Viyaru turned northeastward.[8] The following day, conditions again allowed for the storm to intensify. Early on May 16, the cyclone attained its peak intensity with winds of 85 km/h (50 mph) and a barometric pressure of 990 mbar (hPa; 29.18 inHg).[9] Shortly thereafter Viyaru made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh.[10] On May 17, it moved over the eastern Indian state of Nagaland.[11]

Early in the storm's existence, it brought flooding rains to much of northwestern Indonesia, resulting in significant damage. At least four people died and six others were reported missing.[12][13] In preparation for the storm, large-scale evacuations were recommended for parts of Myanmar. This resulted with people overcrowding boats to escape, and one or several vessels capsized, causing at least 39 deaths; 42 people were rescued while 19 others were unaccounted for and feared dead.[14][15] The storm's expansive cloud mass also brought unsettled weather to Sri Lanka, Thailand, and southeastern India. Severe storms in India and Sri Lanka were responsible for at least 16 fatalities and significant damage;[16][17] one person died in Thailand.[18] Striking Bangladesh in a weaker state than initially expected, damage was moderate to severe. A total of 95,003 poorly constructed huts were damaged or destroyed, 17 people died, and nearly 1.3 million were affected across the country.[19][20] Losses to crops exceeded ৳400 million (US$5.14 million).[21] Myanmar was spared damage and further casualties.[22]

Depression BOB 02

Depression (IMD)
Duration May 29 – May 31
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

An upper air cyclonic circulation developed into a low pressure area on May 28. It slowly organized itself, and favorable conditions led to the intensification of the low pressure area to a depression by the early hours of May 29.[23] Slightly intensifying thereafter, the storm took a northward track and crossed the West Bengal coast in the evening hours of the same day, with peak winds of 45 km/h (28 mph).[24] The depression attained its minimum central pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg) on May 30. Staying almost a day inland maintaining depression strength, it weakened gradually and dissipated over the states of Bihar and Jharkhand in the evening hours of May 31 due to land interaction and reduced moisture availability.[25] Contai in West Bengal received 260 mm of rainfall in 24 hours on May 30.[26]

Depression BOB 03

Depression (IMD)
Duration July 30 – August 1
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

A low pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal on July 29. It intensified gradually, and the IMD classified the storm as a Depression in the early hours of July 30. The system made landfall between Balasore, Odisha and Digha, West Bengal by the same evening at peak winds of 45 km/h (28 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 990 mbar (990 hPa). Spending an entire day inland, the depression weakened into a well-marked low pressure area on August 1 over the state of Madhya Pradesh in India.[27]

The storm's precursor brought heavy rainfall to coastal Bangladesh. 30,000 people were marooned as a result of the following severe floods in Kalapara Upazila.[28] In India, a Storm Warning Signal-3 was hoisted in the ports of Odisha, and fishermen were cautioned against venturing into the sea.[29] Chicholi in Madhya Pradesh received 280 mm of rainfall in 24 hours on August 1, 2013.[30]

Land Depression 01

Depression (IMD)
Duration August 20 – August 23
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

A monsoonal low pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal on August 16. It gradually intensified, organizing itself into a Depression in the early hours of August 20 over coastal West Bengal and adjoining northern Odisha and Jharkhand. Over the next few days, the storm moved west-northwestward, before weakening into a well-marked low pressure area on August 23.

The depression brought heavy rainfall to coastal West Bengal. Kolkata received 206 mm (8.1 in) of rainfall over a span of three days, the wettest spell of the monsoon season, causing flooding. At least four people were reported to have been killed across the state due to rain-related events.[31] The system's precursor low caused authorities to raise cautionary signal number 3, at all maritime ports of Bangladesh.[32] Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh received 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall in 72 hours.

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin

Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration October 8 (Entered basin on Oct. 6) – October 14
Peak intensity 215 km/h (130 mph) (3-min)  940 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Phailin

A tropical depression formed along the Gulf of Thailand on October 4. The tropical depression degenerated into a remnant low on October 6, as it crossed the 100th meridian on October 7.[33] Under the influence of an upper air cyclonic circulation, it regenerated into a low pressure area over the Andaman Sea and adjoining Tanintharyi region. It slowly organized itself and consolidated into a depression on October 8, followed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) the same day.[34][35] In the early hours of October 9 the JTWC upgraded the storm to a tropical cyclone.[36] The same day, the IMD upgraded the storm to a deep depression, and subsequently a cyclonic storm, naming it Phailin. Rapid intensification ensued, and Phailin strengthened into a Very Severe Cyclonic storm on October 10, followed by the JTWC upgrading the storm to a strong Category 4 status. Continuing its rapid intensification, the storm reached Category 5 status the following day, the first storm to do so in the North Indian Ocean since Cyclone Sidr in 2007.[37] Shortly before landfall, Phailin began another eyewall replacement cycle which led to slight weakening, and the system jumped back to Category 4 status.[38] Maintaining intensity, the storm made landfall close to Gopalpur, Odisha in the evening of October 12.[39] Phailin rapidly weakened as it tracked over rugged terrain, eventually dissipating into a well marked low pressure area over the state of Bihar on October 14.[40]

The cyclone prompted India's biggest evacuation in 23 years with more than 550,000 people moving up from the coastline in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to safer places.[41] 44 deaths related to the cyclone were reported.[42]

Deep Depression ARB 01

Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration November 8 – November 11
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)
Main article: 2013 Somalia cyclone

In early November, a low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea. It slowly moved westwards and consolidated into Depression ARB 01 on November 8.[43] The JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert the same day, reporting that the depression was moving into an area favorable for further intensification.[44] The next morning, the IMD upgraded the storm to a deep depression; the JTWC similarly upgraded the system to a tropical storm following reports of 65 km/h (40 mph) winds near the storm's center of circluation.[45][46] Remaining stationary for nearly a day, the storm crossed the coast of Somalia early on November 11.[47] The system rapidly deteriorated due to land interaction, and both the JTWC and the IMD issued their final warnings on the system later that day.[48]

ARB 01 made landfall in the northeastern Puntland region on November 9,[49] and dissipated by the 11th.[50] Around 300 fatalities were reported in the wake of the storm, as well as livestock casualties and damaged infrastructure. Much of the damage was averted by an early administrative response overseen by the Puntland Disaster Management and Rescue committee, which coordinated relief efforts by the Puntland Maritime Police Force, governmental rescue teams, and the Puntland Highway Authority.[51]

Depression BOB 05

Depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration November 13 (Entered basin on Nov. 8) – November 17
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  1003 hPa (mbar)

On November 8, the remnants of Tropical Depression 30W (Wilma) crossed the Malay Peninsula, and emerged into the eastern Bay of Bengal.[52] During the next several days, the system drifted towards the west while weakening further. On November 12, the system began to reorganize gradually, while continuing to move westwards. On November 13, the system was classified as a depression by the IMD, and given the identifier BOB 05.[53] The depression maintained its intensity despite passing through an environment unfavorable for intensification, and was re-upgraded to tropical cyclone intensity by the JTWC on November 15.[54] Shortly before landfall, the system weakened due to land interaction, and the JTWC issued its final warning.[55] On November 16, BOB 05 made landfall near Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, and the system quickly began to weaken. Later on November 16, the IMD issued its final advisory on Depression BOB 05, as the system weakened into a well-marked area of low pressure.[56] Over the next several hours, the remnant low of BOB 05 moved across the central part of Southern India, and the system continued to weaken. During the next several days, BOB 05 moved westwards across the Arabian Sea as a convectionless low. Later, the remnants of BOB 05 redeveloped a small amount of convection, while continuing to moved westwards. Late on November 21, the remnants of BOB 05 turned to the southwest, affecting Socotra Island on November 22. Early on November 23, the remnants of Depression BOB 05 dissipated just south of Socotra Island.

Heavy rains along with 60 km/h winds lashed many parts of the state of Tamil Nadu. Mayiladuthurai, a town in Nagapattinam district, experienced the highest rainfall, amounting to 220 mm.[57] 13 people were killed as the Depression crossed the state's coast.[58]

Severe Cyclonic Storm Helen

Severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration November 19 – November 23
Peak intensity 100 km/h (65 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Helen (2013)

Late on November 17, the remnant energy of Tropical Storm Podul contributed to the development of a trough over the Bay of Bengal, located near the Andaman Islands. During the next couple of days, the storm slowly organized and consolidated, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to issue a Tropical cyclone formation alert (TCFA) during the early hours of November 19.[59] Later on the same day, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the storm to a depression, classifying it as BOB 06,[60] followed by the JTWC reporting that the storm had reached Tropical Storm strength.[61] A couple of hours later, the IMD upgraded BOB 06 into a Deep Depression, as the storm continued to intensify.[62]

The storm slowly drifted west-northwestward while deep convection consolidated around the system's well-defined center of circulation.[63] In the early hours of November 20, the IMD classified BOB 06 as a Cyclonic Storm, thereby officially naming it Helen.[64] Helen continued to intensify into a Severe Cyclonic Storm the following day, reaching its peak intensity of 100 km/h (62 mph) with a central pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg). Shortly before landfall, the storm's convection sheared to the north, causing its low level circulation to fully expose followed by the JTWC issuing its final bulletin, reporting that the storm had weakened due to land interaction.[65] Helen made landfall south of Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh and rapidly deteriorated into a deep depression.[66][67] It was last noted as a low pressure area on November 23. A total of 11 deaths were reported in incidents related to the cyclone.[68][69]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Lehar

Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration November 23 (Entered basin) – November 28
Peak intensity 140 km/h (85 mph) (3-min)  980 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Lehar

A low pressure area formed over the South China Sea on November 18. It was then classified as a tropical depression later that day. It weakened into a low pressure area on November 22 as it crossed the Isthmus of Kra and entered the Andaman Sea. It then gradually intensified, and the JTWC classified the system as a tropical depression on November 23. Later on the same day, the storm was upgraded into Depression BOB 07 by the IMD, while the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm.[70] The following day, the BOB 07 strengthened further into a cyclonic storm, and the IMD assigned it the name Lehar.[71] On November 25, the storm gradually consolidated further and was upgraded to a severe cyclonic storm by the IMD, while the JTWC reported that the storm had reached Category 1 status in the SSHS hurricane scale. The following day, Lehar further intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm, as both IMD and JTWC reported peak winds of 140 km/h (87 mph) and a central pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg). Early on November 27, the JTWC reported the storm's low-level circulation center (LLCC) was losing its structure due to vertical wind shear, indicating a weakening trend.[72] Thereafter, Lehar rapidly weakened into a depression and made landfall near Machilipatnam on November 28. Land interaction led to the degeneration of the storm into a well-marked low pressure area, while it moved inland.

The cyclone affected the Andaman Islands with heavy rain and strong winds. It caused flooding, landslides, road blockage, uprooting of trees and damage to buildings. More than two dozen fishermen went missing and almost all of them were rescued by the Coast Guard and police. In Little Andaman, more than 2000 people were evacuated and kept in Onge-tikrey community hall there. In nearby Havelock Island, about 1500 people sought shelter in the Panchayat community hall.[73] Mayabander and Port Blair recorded 24-hour rainfall accumulations of 243 mm and 213 mm respectively as the cyclone made landfall.[74] Four flights originating from Chennai bound to Port Blair were cancelled due to the cyclone on November 25 while 110 km/h (68 mph) winds lashed the islands.[75]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Madi

Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration December 6 – December 13
Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph) (3-min)  986 hPa (mbar)

On November 30, a low pressure area formed south of India close to the equator. A day later, microwave satellite imagery revealed a broad low-level circulation center (LLCC).[76] The system slowly drifted northeastward over the next couple of days and slowly intensified. Though the sea surface temperatures were good enough for tropical cyclogenesis, moderate vertical wind shear kept the system from strengthening too quickly.[77] On December 5, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system.[78] The following day, the storm strengthened further, and the JTWC initiated advisories on the system, designating it as "06B".[79] Around the same time, the IMD started tracking this system as Depression BOB 08.[80] The storm remained nearly stationary over the next 24 hours. Early on December 7, the IMD further upgraded BOB 08 into a Deep Depression,[81] and later upgrading it to Cyclonic Storm Madi about 370 km (230 mi) from Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.[82]

Tracking slowly north-northwestward under the influence of a deep shortwave trough,[83] the storm quickly intensified into a severe cyclonic storm.[84] Madi accelerated slightly while maintaining a large area of convection.[85] By December 8, Madi had developed an excellent poleward outflow, with deep convection wrapped into a well-defined center. Both the JTWC and IMD were reporting winds of 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph) at the center.[86] With this, the IMD upgraded Madi to a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, the third in 2013.[87] However, Madi moved into an area of increasing vertical wind shear, causing weakening. Madi's poleward track was explained by the strong subtropical ridge located to the east of the system.[88] On December 9, the IMD reported that Madi had weakened into a Severe Cyclonic storm.[89] Despite the wind shear, Madi developed an eye on December 10,[90] and the JTWC assessed the system as a Category 1 equivalent for a second time. Against all expectations, the storm continued to track in a northerly direction,[91] until later that day, when it made a sharp, sudden, southwestward turn. Madi started losing all its convection to the strong wind shear.[92] Another subtropical ridge located over India had steered the system southwestward.[93] On December 11, Madi's LLCC became clearly exposed after dry air wrapped around the southern part of the system. This weakened Madi[94] into a Cyclonic Storm,[95] and later into a deep depression.[96] Overnight, Madi weakened further into a depression[97] and crossed the Tamil Nadu coast close to Vedaranyam around 1330 UTC on December 12, 2013. It then emerged into the Palk Strait at 1530 UTC and crossed the Tamil Nadu coast again near Tondi at 1700 UTC on the same day.[98][99] Colachel in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu got the highest rainfall of 115 mm in 24 hours on December 13.[100][101]

Season effects

This is a table of all storms in the 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, durations, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2013 USD.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Viyaru May 10 – 17 Cyclonic Storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar >$5.14 million 107
BOB 02 May 29 – 31 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Bangladesh, India None None
BOB 03 July 30 – August 1 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Bangladesh, India None None
LAND 01 August 20 – 23 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) India None 4
Phailin October 8 – 14 Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm 215 km/h (130 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Malay Peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India $696 million 45
ARB 01 November 8 – 11 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Somalia, Ethiopia Unknown 140 [102]
BOB 05 November 13 – 17 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Southern India, Sri Lanka, Socotra Island None 16
Helen November 19 – 23 Severe Cyclonic Storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) India $800 million 11 [103]
Lehar November 23 – 28 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 140 km/h (85 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Malay Peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India None None
Madi December 6 – 13 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 120 km/h (75 mph) 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) Sri Lanka, India, Maldives Unknown None
Season Aggregates
10 systems May 10 – December 13 215 km/h (130 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) >1.5 billion 323

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Though the name Mahasen was used operationally, the storm was later renamed Viyaru in 2014.[4]

References

  1. ↑ "IMD Cyclone Warning Services: Tropical Cyclones".
  2. ↑ http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/monsoon_report_2013.pdf
  3. ↑ India Meteorological Department (May 10, 2013). "Tropical Weather Out For North Indian Ocean Issued At 1200 UTC Of 10 May, 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 National Workshop on Enhanced and Unique Cyclonic Activity during 2013 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  5. ↑ India Meteorological Department (May 11, 2013). "Cyclone Mahasen over southeastern Bay of Bengal, CWIND Bulletin 5". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Cyclonic Storm Viyaru Bulletin Archive" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  7. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (May 12, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 01B (Mahasen) Warning Nr 008". United States Navy. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  8. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (May 14, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 01B (Mahasen) Warning Nr 017". United States Navy. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Tropical Storm 'Mahasen' Advisory No. 41" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Tropical Storm 'Mahasen' Adviosry No. 43" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Depression over Manipur weakened" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Thousands homeless from floods in Indonesia's Aceh district". Jakarta, Indonesia: United Press International. May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  13. ↑ Aris Cahyadi (May 13, 2013). "Aceh Landslide Kills 3 Bus Passengers". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  14. ↑ Associated Press (May 14, 2013). "Cyclone Mahasen: Boats Carrying Fleeing Rohingya Muslims Capsize Off Coast Of Myanmar". Sittwe, Myanmar: The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  15. ↑ Gaurav Raghuvanshi and Syed Zain Al-Mahmood (May 16, 2013). "Cyclone Mahasen Weakens as It Hits Bangladesh". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  16. ↑ Press Trust of India (May 14, 2013). "Cyclone 'Mahasen' hits Sri Lanka, seven killed". Times of India (Colombo, Sri Lanka). Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Press Trust of India (May 13, 2013). "Eight killed, four injured in Andhra Pradesh cyclonic storm". Hyderabad, India: New Delhi Television Limited. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Turbulent seas at west coast; 1 person killed during storm's passing". Nakhon Sawan, Thailand: National News Bureau of Thailand. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Disaster relief emergency fund (DREF) Bangladesh: Tropical Cyclone Mahasen" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. ReliefWeb. May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  20. ↑ Deutsche Presse-Agentur (May 17, 2013). "Bangladesh assesses cyclone damage as toll climbs to 17". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Mahasen aftermath: Thousands under the open sky". Dhaka Tribune. May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  22. ↑ Paul Vrieze and Htet Naing Zaw (May 16, 2013). "Cyclone Mahasen Misses Burma, Bringing Relief to Displaced Rohingyas". Sittwe, Myanmar: The Irrawaddy. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  23. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "Depression BOB 02 Bulletin 01". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  24. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "Special Tropical Weather Outlook issued at 1600 UTC, 29 May 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  25. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "Depression BOB 02 Bulletin 13". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  26. ↑ http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/Cyclone_29_31_05_2013.pdf
  27. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Cyclone Warning Bulletin 9 Issued at 1130 IST, August 1, 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  28. ↑ Swapan, Anisur Rahman (July 28, 2013). "30,000 people marooned in coastal Kalapara". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  29. ↑ IANS (July 30, 2013). "Depression over Bay of Bengal, Odisha fishermen alerted". The Times of India. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  30. ↑ http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/Depression30thJuly-1stAugust.pdf
  31. ↑ Telegraph India (August 21, 2013). "As if the downpour weren’t enough, there’s strong tide stirring too". Calcutta, India: Telegraph India. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  32. ↑ bdnews24.com. "MET warning on Bay of Bengal low". bdnews24.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Possible Cyclone Phailin, Typhoon Nari, and Its snowing!". robspeta. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  34. ↑ "IMD Bulletin BOB 04/2013/01". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  35. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTIO21 Issued at 08/1000Z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  36. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone 02B (Two) Warning #01 Issued at 09 October 2013 - 0300 UTC". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  37. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning #11". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  38. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (October 12, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 02B (Phailin) Warning 14 October 12, 2013 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  39. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Cyclone Warning for Indian coast — Bulletin 35 issued for Cyclone Phailin at 0130 IST, 13 October 2013 (2000 UTC, 12 October 2013)". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  40. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Cyclone Warning for Indian coast, issued at 1630 IST (1100 UTC), 14 October 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Cyclone Phailin triggers India's biggest evacuation operation in 23 years". NDTV. October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Odisha's death toll after cyclone, floods climbs to 44". The Hindu (Chennai, India). October 18, 2013.
  43. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Special Tropical Weather Outlook — November 8, 2013". Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  44. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTIO21 Issued at 08 November 2013/1200Z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  45. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Special Tropical Weather Outlook - 0300 UTC, November 9, 2013". Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Warning 03 - Tropical Cyclone 03A". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  47. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD Special Tropical Weather Outlook - 0300 UTC, 11 November 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  48. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone 03A (Three) Warning #10 (Final Warning) Issued at 11 November 2013/0300 UTC". Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  49. ↑ "Officials: Up to 100 Killed in Somalia Cyclone". VOA. November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Deadly tropical cyclone hit Somalia on November 10–11". EarthSky. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Somalia: 360 reportedly dead in Puntland cyclone amid rescue operations". Garowe Online. November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
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  53. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "IMD CWIND Bulletin 01 for Depression BOB 05 - Issued at 0900 IST (0330 UTC), 13 November 2013". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
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