334th Bombardment Squadron

334th Bombardment Squadron

Active 1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1952–1966
Country  United States
Branch  United States Air Force
Role Bombardment
Part of Strategic Air Command
Engagements European Theater of World War II
Decorations Distinguished Unit Citation
Insignia
334th Bombardment Squadron emblem (approved 19 March 1943)[1]
World War II Squadron fuselage code[2][a 1] BG
World War II 95th group tail code[2] Square B

The 334th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 95th Bombardment Wing at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, where it was inactivated on 25 June 1966.

The squadron was first activated in June 1942. It saw combat in the European Theater of World War II, where it was assigned to the 95th Bombardment Group, the only group in Eighth Air Force to earn three Distinguished Unit Citations.[3]

From 1947 to 1949 the 334th Bombardment Squadron served in the reserves. It was inactivated when Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve flying units under the wing base organization model.

During the Cold War, the squadron was part of Strategic Air Command (SAC)'s 95th Bombardment Wing and performed strategic bombardment training with Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers at Biggs Air Force Base. Texas. It supported SAC's global commitments until 1966.

History

World War II

Training in the United States

The squadron was constituted in early 1942 as the 334th Bombardment Squadron before activating at Barksdale Field, Louisiana in June as one of the four original squadrons of the 95th Bombardment Group.[1][4] The squadron began training in August at Geiger Field, Washington,[3] where it was equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. The unit trained for combat operations until moving overseas starting in March.[4]

The air echelon processed at Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska and flew its Forts via the southern route, flying to Florida, Trinidad, the northern coast of Brazil, Dakar, Senegal, and Marrakesh, Morocco to RAF Alconbury in the United Kingdom. The ground echelon moved to Camp Kilmer, then sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth to Scotland, arriving in May. The squadron then reunited at RAF Framlingham.[3]

Combat with Eighth Air Force

95th Bombardment Group B-17 over Germany showing Square B tail marking

The squadron arrived in England equipped with late model B-17F aircraft equipped with "Tokyo Tanks", additional fuel cells located outboard in the wings that gave this model additional range.[5] It flew its first combat mission on 13 May 1943 against an airfield near Saint-Omer, France. For the next two months the squadron focused on attacking airfields and V-1 flying bomb launch sites in France.[4]

Eighth Air Force's early experience with its Martin B-26 Marauders convinced it that the Marauders were stationed too far from the continent of Europe to reach a selection of targets.[6] It determined to move them closer to the target areas, and an exchange of bases began. The entire 95th group moved to RAF Horham in June, where they replaced the 323d Bombardment Group, which departed the previous day.[4][7] A few days later their place at Framlingham was taken by the newly arrived 390th Bombardment Group.[4][8]

The 334th began strategic bombing operations in July and continued until flying its last operation on 20 April 1945. Its targets included harbors, marshalling yards and other industrial targets along with attacks on cities. The squadron received its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) during an attack on an aircraft factory at Regensburg, Germany on 17 August 1943 when it maintained its defensive formation despite severe attacks by enemy interceptor aircraft.[4]

B-17 "The Thomper" (BG-X) of the squadron under attack[a 2]

On 10 October, during an attack on marshalling yards at Münster, Germany, the squadron was subjected to concentrated fighter attacks on the approach to the target and intense flak over the objective.[4] Despite these obstacles, the formation's bombs were clustered close to the target.[9] It was awarded a second DUC for withstanding these attacks to bomb its objective. From 20 to 25 February 1944 the squadron participated in the Big Week offensive against the German aircraft manufacturing industry. A few days later, on 4 March, the squadron attacked Berlin despite adverse weather that led other units to either abandon the operation or attack secondary targets. Despite snowstorms and heavy cloud cover, the unit struck its target while under attack from enemy fighters,[4] although the cloud cover required the group to rely on a pathfinder from the 482d Bombardment Group to determine the release point.[10] It received its third DUC for this operation.[4] This mission was the first time any unit from Eighth Air Force had bombed Berlin.[3]

95th Bomb Group Boeing B-17Gs in combat formation

The squadron was diverted to bombing priority tactical targets during the preparation for and execution of Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy in June 1944, attacking communications and coastal defenses. It hit enemy troop concentrations to facilitate the Allied breakout at Saint-Lô. The 334th attacked enemy troop concentrations during the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945 and bombed airfields to support Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in March.[4]

One of the unit's more unusual missions was flown on 18 September 1944, when the 95th group led the 13th Combat Bombardment Wing[11] to Warsaw to drop ammunition, food and medical supplies to Polish resistance forces fighting against German occupation forces,[4] landing at bases in the Soviet Union. The squadron had previously participated in shuttle missions to the Soviet Union.[12]

The unit flew its last mission on 20 April 1945, when it attacked marshalling yards near Oranienburg. In the first week of May, it airdropped food to Dutch citizens in Operation Chow Hound. From V-E Day until departing the theater in June, it transported liberated prisoners of war and displaced persons.[4][13] The air echelon flew their planes back to Bradley Field, Connecticut, while the ground echelon sailed once more on the Queen Elizabeth.[3] The squadron was reunited at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota, where it was inactivated on 28 August 1945.[4]

Air Force Reserve

The 334th Bombardment Squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee in May 1947 as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit. At Memphis its training was supervised by the 468th AAF Base Unit (later the 2584th Air Force Reserve Training Center).[14] It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped. In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve units from ADC.[15] The 334th was inactivated when Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949.[4] The squadron's personnel and equipment were transferred to elements of the 516th Troop Carrier Wing.[14]

Strategic Air Command

Former 95th Bomb Wing Convair B-36J Peacemaker at the Pima Air Museum

The squadron activated on 16 June 1952 at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas. However it was minimally manned until September 1953, when it began strategic bombardment training with Convair B-36 Peacemakers.[16] It operated in support of Strategic Air Command (SAC)'s global commitments beginning in April 1954. The squadron deployed with the entire 95th Bombardment Wing to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam from July to November 1955.[16]

From 1959 to 1960, the 95th wing phased out its B-36 and received Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses to replace them. In the late 1950s, SAC established strategic wings to disperse its B-52s over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike.[17] As part of this program, 334th's sister squadrons, the 335th and 336th moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas and Turner Air Force Base, Georgia.[18][19]

Starting in 1960, one third of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled, armed and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. This was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962.[20] The 334th continued to maintain an alert commitment until shortly before its inactivation on 25 June 1966 with the transfer of Biggs to the Army.[1][16] Its commitment included periodic airborne alert as part of Operation Chrome Dome.[21]

On 7 April 1961, one of the squadron's B-52Bs was participating in an air intercept training mission with a pair of North American F-100 Super Sabres from the 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron of the New Mexico Air National Guard. For the exercise the fighters were armed with GAR-8 Sidewinder missiles, which were wired so that only the heat seeking head of the missile was operational. On the sixth pass by the fighters on the bomber, a Sidewinder launched and struck one of the engine pods on the bomber's left wing. Four on board the B-52 escaped by parachute, but three crewmembers died in the crash. The misfire was blamed on moisture in the connection of the missile to the F-100.[22]

Lineage

Activated on 15 Jun 1942
Redesignated 334th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 28 August 1945
Redesignated 334th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 13 May 1947
Inactivated on 27 June 1949
Redesignated 334th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 8 November 1952
Inactivated on 25 June 1966[1]

Assignments

Stations

Aircraft

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer Award Dates Notes
Distinguished Unit Citation, Regensburg, Germany17 August 1943[1]
Distinguished Unit Citation, Münster, Germany10 October 1943[1]
Distinguished Unit Citation, Berlin, Germany4 March 1944[1]
Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
Air Offensive, Europe11 May 1943 – 5 June 1944[1]
Normandy6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944[1]
Northern France25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944[1]
Rhineland15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945[1]
Ardennes-Alsace16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945[1]
Central Europe22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945[1]
Air Combat, EAME Theater11 May 1943 – 11 May 1945[1]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ After December 1944, squadrons of the 95th Bombardment Group no longer displayed their fuselage codes. Watkins, p. 42.
  2. ↑ A squadron B-17G Flying Fortress 42-102560. Lost on the 30 November 1944 mission to Merseburg, Germany with 5 aircrew killed in action and 4 taken prisoner. In the photo the plane is under attack by German fighters and the tail gunner is returning fire. Note the damage in the right wing and wisps of fire starting to show.

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 411–412. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
  2. 1 2 Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-7643-1987-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 163–165. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
  5. ↑ Freeman, p. 47
  6. ↑ Freeman, p. 50
  7. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 203-204
  8. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 277-278
  9. ↑ Freeman, p. 77
  10. ↑ Freeman, p. 113
  11. ↑ Freeman, pp. 175-176
  12. ↑ Freeman, p. 174
  13. ↑ Freeman, p. 230
  14. 1 2 See Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center. pp. 283–284.
  15. ↑ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 Ravenstein, Combat Wings pp. 133–134
  17. ↑ "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol 1, History of Strategic Air Command, Jan–Jun 1957 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  18. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 413-414
  19. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 415
  20. ↑ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Abstract, History 4238 Strategic Wing Jul 1961". Air Force History Index. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  22. ↑ Bossie, Clifford (24 February 2011). "Blue on blue: The accidental shootdown of B-52B 53-0380". Angelfire. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  23. 1 2 Station number in Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved July 7, 2012.

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

Further reading

External links

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