33d Operations Group

33d Operations Group

Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel sits in a group F-35A Lightning II at Eglin AFB
Active 1941–1945; 1946–1952; 1955–1957; 1991–present
Country  United States
Branch  United States Air Force
Role Fighter operations and training
Part of 33d Fighter Wing
Garrison/HQ Eglin Air Force Base
Nickname(s) Nomads
Motto(s) Fire From the Clouds
Engagements Mediterranean Theater of Operations
China Burma India Theater
Vietnam War
Decorations Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 General Elwood R. Quesada
General William W. Momyer
Insignia
33d Operations Group emblem (approved 21 February 1942)[1][note 1]
Patch with 33d Tactical Group emblem

The 33d Operations Group is the flying component of the 33d Fighter Wing, assigned to Air Education and Training Command of the United States Air Force. The group is stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

The group was first activated in January 1941 as the 33d Pursuit Group and began training in fighter operations at Mitchel Field, New York. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor the group moved to Philadelphia, where it assumed an air defense role while training for combat. After being redesignated the 33d Fighter Group, it moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in November 1942 as part of Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, flying its planes to its first base in Morocco from an aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. The group served in North Africa and Italy until February 1944, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation in January 1943 for its defense of its base from attacks by German and Italian aircraft.

In 1944, the group departed Italy for the China-Burma-India Theater, leaving its Curtiss P-40 Warhawks behind for Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. It continued combat operations until the surrender of Japan. In November 1945, it returned to the United States and was inactivated when it arrived at the Port of Embarkatiion.

The group was activated as part of the Occupation Forces at Neubiberg Air Base, Germany, where it took over the personnel and equipment of the 357th Fighter Group, which was inactivated and transferred to the National Guard. In July 1947, its personnel became the cadre for the 86th Composite Group, while the group made two moves without personnel or equipment before arriving at Roswell Army Air Field, where it equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and became part of the fledgling Strategic Air Command. A year later, it received its first jet aircraft, the Republic F-84 Thunderjet. In 1948. the group moved to Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, where it assumed an air defense role, first under Continental Air Command, then under Air Defense Command (ADC) as the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Group. It was inactivated in February 1952 when ADC reorganized its forces on a geographic basis.

ADC activated the group, once more the 33d Fighter Group, at Otis in August 1955 as part of Project Arrow, a program to replace ADC's Air Defense Groups with fighter groups with distinguished combat records in World War II. As Otis expanded to add the airborne early warning and control mission the following year, the group's support units were transferred to the newly reactivated 33d Fighter Wing. In 1957, the group and wing were inactivated and the group's flying squadrons were transferred to the Boston Air Defense Sector

As the United States Air Force implemented the Objective wing reorganization in 1991, the 33d, now designated the 33d Operations Group, was activated to command the 33d Fighter Wing's operational units. It flew the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle until 2009, when it began the transition to the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter.

Overview

From its reactivation in December 1991, as part of the 33d Fighter Wing, the 33d Operations Group has deployed aircraft and personnel to Saudi Arabia, Canada, the Caribbean, South America, Jamaica, Iceland, Italy, and Puerto Rico and participated in Operation Southern Watch, Operation Coronet Macaw; Operation Restore Hope, Operation Support Justice III and IV, and Operation Uphold Democracy.[2]

These deployments included combat as well as deployments to assist in the United States War on Drugs.[3] The 33d lost members of three of its squadrons in the Khobar Towers bombing, Saudi Arabia on 25 June 1996.[4]

Mission

The mission of the group is to train Air Force, Marine, Navy and international partner pilots and maintainers of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter.[5]

Units

The 33d Group has three squadrons assigned:

The 33d Group also has three affiliated units for associated F-35 training:

History

History

World War II

Emblem of the 33d Fighter Group

The 33d Fighter Group was activated early in 1941 as the 33d Pursuit Group with the 58th,[8] 59th,[9] and 60th Pursuit Squadrons[10] assigned.[1] It trained with Bell P-39 Airacobras in 1941, but soon changed to Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and served as part of the United States defense force for the east coast after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.[1] Its 58th and 59th squadrons were based on the West Coast in May and June 1942 to provide additional air defense there.[8][9]

The group was requested as air support for the Western Task Force of Operation Torch and assigned on 19 September 1942. Its 77 P-40Es moved from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to North Africa on the deck of the USS Chenango (CVE-28) as part of the invasion force on 8 November 1942.[1] Pilots had been given brief training at Philadelphia in carrier launches but the Navy had serious misgivings about the aircraft's ability to withstand the strain and the pilot's ability to launch by catapult from the escort carrier.[11] With securing of the Port Lyautey airfield on 10 November the launch from Chenango began and was successful but the airfield's runways were so damaged that the launch was discontinued and not completed until two days later.[11] Two of the 77 aircraft were lost to a crash and vanishing in a fog with 17 damaged in landing with none getting into action.[11] The 35 planes of the group following on D+5 aboard the British carier HMS Archer also were launched to land at the Port Lyautey airfield and suffered four loses on landing due to pilot inexperience.[11]

Meanwhile, the group's ground echelon sailed for Morocco aboard the USS Susan B. Anthony (AP-72). Shortly after the squadron's arrival in North Africa, a provisional "J Squadron", commanded by Lt. Col. Philip Cochran, at Rabat. The squadron was organized to provide an advanced replacement center for aircraft and pilots. On 6 December, the 58th squadron moved forward to Thelepte Airfield, where it became the first American air unit stationed in Tunisia.[12]

The unit operated with Twelfth Air Force in the Mediterranean theater until February 1944, providing close air support for ground forces, and bombing and strafing personnel concentrations, port installations, fuel dumps, bridges, highways, and rail lines.[1] The 33d received a Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 15 January 1943 when nine German Junkers Ju 88 bombers escorted by four Italian Macchi C.202 fighters attempted to knock out the group's base at Thelepte. Group airplanes on combat air patrol drove off the escorting fighters. Other group planes took off while the field was being bombed. The group destroyed eight of the attackers, and the ninth was shot down by antiaircraft fire.[1][12]

Curtiss P-40L of 99th Fighter Squadron in North Africa 1943

In May 1943 the 99th Fighter Squadron, the first AAF unit to enter combat with black personnel, was attached to the group, and again from August to October 1943.[13] It took part in the reduction of Pantelleria and flew patrol missions while Allied troops landed after surrender of the enemy's garrison.[1] It also participated in the invasion and conquest of Sicily by supporting landings at Salerno.[1] The group supported additional landings in southern Italy, and the beachhead at Anzio.[1]

After moving to India in February 1944, the group trained with Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. It then moved to China where it continued training and flew patrol and intercept missions.[1] Upon returning to India in September 1944, it flew dive bombing and strafing missions in Burma until the Allied campaigns in that area had been completed.[1]

33d Ftr Gp

Aerial Victories Number Note
Group Hq 11 [14][note 2]
58th Fighter Squadron 48.5 [15]
59th Fighter Squadron 35 [16]
60th Fighter Squadron 28 [16]
Group Total 122.5 [note 3]

Occupation forces

In August 1946, the 33d Fighter Group took over the personnel and equipment of the 357th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base and began service as part of the United States occupation force in Germany, initially operating North American P-51 Mustangs.[1][17] The 357th was inactivated and transferred to the National Guard.[18] In July 1947, the 33d's personnel became the cadre for the 86th Composite Group,[19] while the group made two moves without personnel or equipment to Bad Kissingen Airfield, Germany and Andrews Field, Maryland.[2][20]

Cold War

Republic P-84C of the 59th Fighter Squadron[note 4]

The group was organized as an operational unit at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico on 16 August 1947, where it again equipped with Mustangs and became part of Eighth Air Force of Strategic Air Command.[2] At Roswell, the group participated in the experimental Wing Base organization, which was intended to unify control at air bases under a single wing.[21] As a result, the group was assigned to the 33d Fighter Wing.[2] The test proved successful, and the wing-base plan was adopted by the Air Force.[22]

A year later, in June 1948, it received its first jet aircraft, the Republic F-84 Thunderjet.[1] The group was the second in the Air Force to fly the F-84C model of the Thunderjet.[23] A few months later the group moved to Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, where it assumed an air defense role, first under Continental Air Command, then under Air Defense Command (ADC) as the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Group.[1]

North American F-86As at Otis AFB.

There it trained to maintain tactical proficiency and participated in exercises and aerial demonstrations. In February 1949, the group transitioned to North American F-86A Sabres. By December the group had completed its transition to Sabres and assumed an air defense mission, providing air defense in the northeastern US.[2] Toward the end of 1949, ADC was inactivated and the group and its parent wing became elements of Continental Air Command. In December 1950 ADC was reactivated, and the group, which since spring had been designated as the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Group rejoined the command. Because of ADC's need to expand its coverage, the group dispersed the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron to Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts in August 1950.[24] The group was inactivated in February 1952 along with the 33d Fighter Wing in a major reorganization of ADC responding to ADC's difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage.[25] Fighter-interceptor groups and wings were replaced by regionally organized air defense wings.[26]

The 564th Air Base Group was activated on 1 February 1952 to replace the support elements of the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The group became the 564th Air Defense Group in February 1953 when it assumed control of fighter-interceptor squadrons at Otis. The unit was replaced by the reactivated 33d Fighter Group (Air Defense) as part of ADC's "Project Arrow", which reactivated fighter units that had achieved distinction in the two world wars.[27]

The 33d Fighter Group was assigned to ADC's 4707th Air Defense Wing, and in 1956 reunited with the 33d Fighter Wing (Air Defense). Again, it provided air defense in northeastern US flying the Northrop F-89 Scorpion. It was also the host organization for USAF units until 1956, and was assigned several support organizations to fulfil this function.[28][29][30][31] when the 33d Fighter Wing was activated and the group was assigned to it once again, along with the support units assigned to the group.[32] The group was inactivated on 18 August 1957 and replaced by 4735th Air Defense Group when the 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing assumed host responsibilities for Otis from the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Wing.[33]

Vietnam War

On 8 July 1963 the 33d Tactical Group was activated in Viet Nam. It was equipped primarily with cargo aircraft. Its mission was to maintain and operate base support facilities at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, supporting the 2d Air Division and subordinate units by performing reconnaissance of Vietnam from various detachments flying Douglas RB-26 Invader, Martin RB-57 Canberra, and McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo aircraft.[2]

The 33d Tactical Group performed administrative and maintenance tasks and set up detachments at smaller, outlying airfields, the 33d assuming responsibility for Can Tho and Nha Trang Air Bases. The group inactivated in July 1965, and its aircraft, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 6250th Combat Support Group.[34] While the 33d Tactical Group was inactive, it was consolidated with the 33d Fighter Group as the 33d Tactical Fighter Group.[2]

Contingency operations

Main article: 33d Fighter Wing
Five F-15Cs from the 33d Fighter Wing during a deployment to Elmendorf AFB

As the 33d Fighter Wing reorganized under the Objective Wing system on 1 December 1991, the group was activated as the 33d Operations Group and once more assigned its original three squadrons, which were equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, together with an operations support squadron.[2] In May 1992 the group was enlarged by the assignment of the 728th Air Control Squadron at Duke Field when the 507th Air Control Wing inactivated.[35]

From 1992 through 2002 the group deployed aircraft and personnel to Saudi Arabia, Canada, the Caribbean, South America, Jamaica, Iceland, Italy, and Puerto Rico and participated in various operations.[2] The group lost members of its 58th and 60th Fighter Squadron and 33d Operations Support Squadron in the Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia on 25 June 1996 during one of these deployments.[4]

In 1999, as a result of the administration reductions in military spending, the group lost six of its F-15s. The 59th squadron inactivated on 15 April as a result and the remainder of its aircraft were split between the other two squadrons.[35]

The group engaged in air expeditionary operations in various combat areas as part of the Global War on Terrorism.[2]

In May 2008, the 728th Air Control Squadron was reassigned to the 552d Air Control Wing.[36] The group continued to shrink when, on 1 October 2008, the 60th Fighter Squadron flew its last sortie with the Eagle and became non-operational.[35] It inactivated on 1 January 2009. In July, the group stopped operating F-15s in anticipation of receiving the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter. For more than a year, it would remain without assigned aircraft.[37]

Lightning II training

The group mission changed in addition to its change of aircraft, and on 1 October 2009, the group became part of Air Education and Training Command in preparation for its new role of conducting joint training on the Joint Strike Firghter.[38]

However, the F-35 program was delayed and in January 2011, the group received its first aircraft in 17 months, when four General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft borrowed from the 56th Fighter Wing at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona arrived to prepare the group's instructor pilots for the Lightning II. The F-16's flying characteristics are similar to those of the F-35, and would prepare group pilots to transition into its new plane on arrival.[37] On 14 July 2011, the group received its first Lightning II for training.[39] Lt Col Christine Mau, the deputy commander of the group, became the first woman to fly the F-35 on 5 May 2015, when she completed her first training flight.[40]

Lineage

33d Operations Group

Activated on 15 January 1941
Redesignated 33d Fighter Group on 15 May 1942
Inactivated on 8 December 1945
Redesignated 33d Fighter-Interceptor Group on 20 January 1950
Inactivated on 6 February 1952
Activated on 18 August 1955
Inactivated on 18 August 1957

33d Tactical Group

Organized on 8 July 1963
Discontinued, and inactivated on 8 July 1965

Assignments

Under operational control of 64th Fighter Wing, 21 December 1943 – February 1944
  • AAF India-Burma Sector, c. 20 February 1944
Attached to CBI Air Forces Training Command, 5 March – 14 April 1944
Attached to 509th Bombardment Wing, 17 November 1947 – 15 November 1948

Components

Tactical Squadrons

Support Units

  • 33d USAF Hospital[31][32] (later 33d USAF Dispensary), 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956; 8 July 1963 – 8 July 1965
  • 13th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, 8 July 1963 – 8 July 1965
  • 33d Air Base Squadron, 8 July 1963 – 8 July 1965
  • 33d Field Maintenance Squadron (later 33d Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron), 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956;[29] 8 July 1963 – 8 July 1965[46]
  • 33d Installations Squadron,[32] 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956[28]
  • 33d Motor Vehicle Squadron,[32] 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956
  • 33d Operations Squadron (later 33d Operations Support Squadron), 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956,[30] 1 December 1991 – present
  • 33d Supply Squadron,[32] 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956
  • 27th Crash Rescue Boat Flight,[32] 18 August 1955 – 18 October 1956

Stations
  • Cercola Airfield, Italy, c. 1 January – February 1944
  • Karachi Airport, India, c. 20 February 1944
  • Shwangliu Airfield, China, c. 18 April 1944
  • Pungchacheng Airfield, China, 9 May 1944
  • Nagaghuli Airfield, India, 3 September 1944
  • Sahmaw Airfield, Burma, 26 December 1944
  • Piardoba Airfield, India, 4 May – c. 15 November 1945
  • Camp Shanks, New York, 7 – 8 December 1945
  • Army Air Forces Station Neubiberg, Germany, 20 August 1946
  • Army Air Forces Station Bad Kissingen, Germany, July – 25 August 1947
  • Andrews Field, Maryland, 25 August 1947
  • Roswell Army Air Field (later Walker Air Force Base), New Mexico, 16 September 1947
  • Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 16 November 1948 – 6 February 1952
  • Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 18 August 1955 – 18 August 1957
  • Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam, 8 July 1963 – 8 July 1965
  • Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 1 December 1991 – present[41]

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer Award Dates Notes
Distinguished Unit Citation15 January 194333d Fighter Group, Central Tunisia[2]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award2 December 1991 – 31 March 199233d Operations Group[2]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 June 1996 – 31 May 199833d Operations Group[2]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 June 1998 – 31 May 199933d Operations Group[2]
Campaign/Service Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
American Theater without inscription7 December 1941 – October 194233d Pursuit Group (later 33d Fighter Group)[47]
Algeria-French Morocco10 November 1942 – 11 November 194233d Fighter Group[2]
Tunisia12 November 1942 – 13 May 194333d Fighter Group[2]
Sicily14 May 1943 – 17 August 194333d Fighter Group[2]
Naples-Foggia18 August 1943 – 21 January 194433d Fighter Group[2]
Anzio22 January 1944 – February 194433d Fighter Group[2]
Rome-Arno22 January 1944 – February 194433d Fighter Group[2]
Air Combat, EAME Theater10 November 1942 – February 194433d Fighter Group[2]
India-Burma20 February 1944 – 28 January 194533d Fighter Group[2]
Central Burma29 January 1945 – 15 July 194533d Fighter Group[2]
China Defensive4 July 1942 – 4 May 194533d Fighter Group[2]
Vietnam Advisory8 July 1963 – 1 March 196533d Tactical Group[2]
Vietnam Defensive2 March 1965 – 8 July 196533d Tactical Group[2]
World War II Army of Occupation (Germany)20 August 1946 – July 1947 33d Fighter Group[47]

Aircraft

  • Bell P-39 Airacobra (1941)
  • Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1941–1944)
  • Lockheed P-38 Lightning (1944–1945)
  • Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1944–1948)
  • North American P-51D Mustang (1948–1950)
  • Republic F-84C Thunderjet (1948–1950)
  • North American F-86A Sabre (1950–1952)
  • Lockheed F-94 Starfire (1951–1952, 1956–1957)
  • Northrop F-89C Scorpion (1956–1957)
  • McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle (1991–2009)
  • McDonnell Douglas F-15D Eagle (1991–2009)
  • General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (2011)
  • Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (2011–present)

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The emblem was approved for the 33d Fighter Wing on 5 October 1965. Ravenstein, p. 60. While the group is assigned to the wing, it uses the form approved for the wing with the group designation on the scroll. Bailey, AFHRA Factsheet 33 Operations Group
  2. ↑ 8 of the 11 victories by the Group Hq were credited to the commander, Lt Col. William W. Momyer
  3. ↑ Each of the squadrons scored additional victories during Desert Storm and the 58th during the Vietnam War, but they were not assigned to the group at the time.
  4. ↑ Aircraft is P-84C-2-RE Thunderjet serial 47-1994

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 86–87
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Bailey, Carl E. (November 28, 2007). "Factsheet 33 Operations Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  3. ↑ Foster, p. 57
  4. 1 2 Foster, pp. 27–28
  5. ↑ Foster, p. 1
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Factsheet 33rd Fighter Wing". 96th Test Wing Public Affairs. February 3, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  7. 1 2 "Factsheet 337th Air Control Squadron". 325th Fighter Wing Public Affairs. June 19, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  8. 1 2 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 230–231
  9. 1 2 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 233–234
  10. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons. pp, 235–236
  11. 1 2 3 4 Craven & Cate, Vol. 2 Europe, Torch to Pointblank, August 1942 to December 1943 pp. 58, 77
  12. 1 2 Foster, p. 45
  13. 1 2 Robertson, Patsy (January 12, 2009). "Factsheet 99 Flying Training Squadron (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  14. ↑ Newton & Senning, p. 541
  15. ↑ Newton & Senning, pp. 555–556
  16. 1 2 Newton & Senning, pp. 556
  17. ↑ "Abstract, History Neubiberg AAF Air Station Aug 1946". Air Force History Index. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  18. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, p. 259
  19. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 86–87, 151–153
  20. ↑ Foster, p. 11
  21. ↑ Goss, p. 59 (note)
  22. ↑ Ravenstein, p. 10
  23. ↑ Knaack, p. 28
  24. 1 2 "Factsheet 60 Fighter Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. March 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  25. ↑ Grant, p. 33
  26. ↑ Cornett & Johnson,
  27. ↑ Buss, et al., p. 6
  28. 1 2 Cornett & Johnson, p. 132
  29. 1 2 Cornett & Johnson, p. 136
  30. 1 2 Cornett & Johnson, p. 151
  31. 1 2 See "Abstract, History 33 Hospital Jul–Dec 1955". Air Force History Index. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 AFOMO Letter 660j, 20 June 1955, Subject: Activation of Headquarters, 1st Fighter Group (Air Defense); Inactivation, Activation and Reorganization of Certain Other USAF Units
  33. ↑ "Abstract, History 26 Air Division Jul–Dec 1957". Air Force History Index. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  34. ↑ "Abstract, History 6250 Combat Support Group Jul–Dec 1965". Air Force History Index. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  35. 1 2 3 Foster, p. 26
  36. ↑ Foster, p. 32
  37. 1 2 Wright, Ashley M. (January 14, 2011). "F-16s' arrival brings 'battle rhythm' to JSF wing". 96 Air Base Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  38. ↑ Foster, p. 35
  39. ↑ Foster, p.39
  40. ↑ Cronin, 1st Lt Hope (May 7, 2015). "First female F-35 pilot begins training". Air Force News Service. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Lineage, including assignments, stations, components and aircraft in Bailey, AFHRA Factsheet, except as noted.
  42. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (May 23, 2011). "Factsheet 33 Operations Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  43. ↑ Haulman, Daniel L. (November 8, 2011). "Factsheet 59 Test and Evaluation Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  44. ↑ "325th ACS to remain under AETC". United States Air Force. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  45. ↑ Foster, pp. 26, 32
  46. ↑ Kane, Robert B. (June 9, 2010). "Factsheet 33 Maintenance Squadron (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  47. 1 2 See Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 87–88

Bibliography

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External links

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