Night Witches

A Polikarpov Po-2, similar to the aircraft operated by the Night Witches

"Night Witches" is the English translation of Nachthexen, a World War II German nickname (Russian Ночные ведьмы, Nochnye Vedmy) for the women military aviators of the 588th Night Bomber Regiment, known later as the 46th "Taman" Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, of the Soviet Air Forces. Though women were initially barred from combat, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin issued an order on October 8, 1941 to deploy three women's air force units, including the 588th regiment.^[1] The regiment, formed by Colonel Marina Raskova and led by Major Yevdokia Bershanskaya, was made up entirely of women volunteers in their late teens and early twenties.

The regiment flew harassment bombing and precision bombing missions against the German military from 1942 until the end of the war.^[2] At its largest, it had 40 two-person crews. It flew over 30,000 missions and dropped 23,000 tons of bombs.^[3] It was the most highly decorated all-women unit in the Soviet Air Force, each pilot having flown over 800 missions by the end of the war and twenty-three having been awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title. Thirty of its members died in combat.^[4]

The regiment flew in wood-and-canvas Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes, a 1928 design intended for use as training aircraft and for crop dusting, and to this day the most-produced biplane in aviation history. The planes could carry only six bombs at a time, so 8 or more missions per night were often necessary.^[5] Although the aircraft were obsolete and slow, the pilots made daring use of their exceptional maneuverability; they had the advantage of having a maximum speed that was lower than the stall speed of both the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and as a result, German pilots found them very difficult to shoot down. An attack technique of the night bombers was to idle the engine near the target and glide to the bomb release point, with only wind noise left to reveal their location. German soldiers likened the sound to broomsticks and named the pilots "Night Witches."^[1] Due to the weight of the bombs and the low altitude of flight, the pilots carried no parachutes.^[6]

From June 1942, the 588th Night Bomber Regiment was within the 4th Air Army. In February 1943, the regiment was honored with a reorganization into the 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment and in October 1943 it became the 46th "Taman" Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment.^[7] "Taman" referred to the unit's involvement in two celebrated Soviet victories on the Taman Peninsula during 1943.

People

Senior Lieutenant Yevgeniya Rudneva, air navigator

Captain Nadezhda Popova, pilot, in 2009

Commanders

• Yevdokia Bershanskaya—Regimental Commander
• Yevgeniya Zhigulenko, Hero of the Soviet Union—Flight Commander
• Tat'yana Makarova, Hero of the Soviet Union—Flight Commander
• Nina Ul'yanenko, Hero of the Soviet Union—Flight Navigator

Notable members

• Vera Bjelik
• Rufina Gasheva
• Polina Gelman
• Natalya Meklin
• Nadezhda Popova
• Yevgeniya Rudneva
• Irina Sebrova

Exclusively female units

On October 8, 1941, Order number 0099 specified the creation of three women's squadrons—all personnel from technicians to pilots would be entirely composed by women. These were:^[8]

• 586 Regiment, Yak-1 fighters
• 587 Regiment, twin engine dive bombers
• 588 Regiment, night bombers

Although all three regiments had been planned to have women exclusively, only the 588th would remain an all-women regiment throughout the war. The 586th Regiment had to employ male mechanics as no women had received training to work on the Yakovlev fighter planes before the war. The 586th's woman commander, Major Tamara Aleksandrovna Kazarinova, was replaced by a man, Major Aleksandr Vasilievich Gridnev, in October 1942. The 587th Regiment was originally under the command of Marina Raskova, but after her death in 1942, a male commanding officer, Major Valentin Vasilievich Markov, replaced her. The 587th's PE-2 dive bombers also required a tall person to operate the top rear machine gun, but not enough women recruited were tall enough, requiring some men to join the aircrews as radio operator/tail gunner.^[9][10]

Film and television depictions

In 1981, a Soviet feature-length film called Night Witches In The Sky (В небе ночные ведьмы) was directed by Evgenia Zhigulenko (Евгения Жигуленко), Hero of the Soviet Union and one of the members of the 588th.

In 2001, a UK-Russian co-production starring Malcolm McDowell, Sophie Marceau and Anna Friel was due to be made, but failed to get backing from an American studio.^[11]

In 2013, a short animation called The Night Witch commemorating Nadezhda Popova, who had died earlier that year, was commissioned in collaboration with The New York Times Magazine's The Lives They Lived issue and directed by Alison Klayman.^[12]

There was a film project underway in 2013, to be written by Gregory Allen Howard and financed by the grandson of Boris Yeltsin.^[13]

In 2013, a Russian TV series titled Night Swallows was produced and distributed.^[14]

Cultural references

• The Night Witches had appeared in the long-running British comic strip Johnny Red. Writer Garth Ennis, a childhood fan of the strip, would later write a three-part comic book mini-series called Battlefields: The Night Witches^[15]
• Another comic where the Night Witches appeared is "The Grand Duke" by Yann and Romain Hugault (Archaia Entertainment, 2012.)^[16] ("Le Grand Duc", Paquet 2008)
• Swedish power metal band Sabaton's 2014 album, "Heroes", had a track named "Night Witches". The track is in direct reference to the 588th Night Bomber regiment.
• Jason Morningstar's Night Witches is a tabletop Role-playing game (Bully Pulpit Games, 2015).^[17]
• The fictional character of Ludmila Gorbanova from Harry Turtledove's Worldwar series is one of the Night Witches. After the invasion of the Race, she flies sorties against them.
• Death metal band Hail of Bullets recorded a song Nachthexen.
• Russian metal band Aella released an album with the eponymous track "Ночные ведьмы".
• The Night Witches were featured in David L. Robbins' novel, Last Citadel

See also

• Washing Machine Charlie, term for Japanese night harassment aircraft during WW II's Guadalcanal Campaign and later
• Charles Carpenter (Lt. Col.), a US Army officer who successfully improvised the use of anti-tank ordnance from an American L-4 Grasshopper artillery observation aircraft.

References

1. New York Times, July 14, 2013
2. "We were called Night Witches" by Rakobolskaya I. V. Kravcova N. F. Moscow:MGU, 2005 ISBN 5-211-05008-8
3. "Nadezhda Vasilyevna Popova." Britannica Book of the Year, 2014. Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 28 Apr. 2016. <http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/1938968/Nadezhda-Vasilyevna-Popova>
4. Noggle, Anne; White, Christine (2001). A Dance with Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1-58544-177-5.
5. The Atlantic, July 15, 2013
6. Axell, Albert (2002). Russia's Heroes 1941–45. Carroll and Graf Publishers. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-7867-1011-X.
7. (Russian) 65-летие 4-ой Армии ВВС и ПВО
8. Original transcript order 0099 01 10 1941
9. Noggle, Ann (2001). A Dance with Death : Soviet Airwomen of World War II. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-177-5.
10. Bhuvasorakul, Jessica. "Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women's Air Regiments During World War II" (PDF). Florida State University.
11. Variety Magazine, June 28, 2001
12. New York Times, December 12, 2001
13. Variety Magazine, November 4, 2013
14. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwGzY25TNHPCp3TFPpD69-FxUc6VrpPwy. Missing or empty |title= (help)
15. http://www.dynamiteentertainment.com/htmlfiles/c-Battlefields.html Battlefields, Dynamite Entertainment
16. http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2013/08/09/review-time-with-the-grand-duke/
17. Morningstar, Jason. Night Witches. ISBN 978-0-9883909-2-8, 2015.

Bibliography

• Cottam, Kazimiera Janina (1998). Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. ISBN 1-58510-160-5.
• Cruz, Alberto (2013). Las brujas de la noche. El 46 Regimiento Taman de aviadoras soviéticas en la II Guerra Mundial (in Spanish). La Caída. ISBN 9788461662296.
• Milanetti, Gian Piero (2013). Soviet Airwomen of the Great Patriotic War: A pictorial history. Istituto Bibliografico Napoleone, Rome, Italy. ISBN 9788875651466.
• Milanetti, Gian Piero (2011). Le Streghe della Notte: La storia non detta delle eroiche ragazze-pilota dell'Unione Sovietica nella Grande Guerra Patriottica (in Italian). Istituto Bibliografico Napoleone, Roma, Italia. ISBN 88-7565-100-0.
• Pennington, Reina (1997). Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1554-7.
• Sakaida, Henry (2003). Heroines of the Soviet Union: 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-598-3.

Further reading

• "Day of Glory for USSR's Night Witches", by Robyn Dixon. Los Angeles Times. May 10, 2001, Part A: Foreign Desk, page A1.
• What They Didn't Teach You About World War II, by Mike Wright 1998 ISBN D39191-649S

External links

• Soviet Women Combat Pilots New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum
• The Incredible Story of the "Night Witches"
• Female Faces of the Air War
• Russian Women Pilots
• Marina Raskova and Soviet Female Pilots
• The Night Witches - Russian Combat Pilots of World War II
• Airwomen of the Red Star San Diego Aerospace Museum.
• Stalins Himmelsstürmerinnen SPIEGEL story on the Night Witches, in German
• Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women's Air Regiments During World War II (Master's thesis by Jessica Bhuvasorakul)
• The Glorious Daughter of the Steppe and Brave Hero of the Skies
• The Night Witches: The True Story of an Incredible Group of Women