56th (Cornwall) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

56th (Cornwall) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment
Royal Artillery cap badge and AA patch
Active	1920–1955
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Territorial Army
Role	Air Defence Medium Artillery
Size	Regiment
Engagements	The Blitz Iceland India

51st (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery, 456th (Cornwall) Heavy Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery, and 86th (Cornwall) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery redirect here

56th (Cornwall) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery was a volunteer air defence regiment of Britain's Territorial Army (TA). Originally raised in 1920 as a medium artillery regiment, it was converted to the anti-aircraft role in 1932. During the Second World War, it was employed in Home Defence, in Iceland and then in India, where it was temporarily converted back to medium artillery. Postwar, it reverted to air defence until disbandment in 1955.

Origin

With the reorganisation of the Territorial Force (TF) into the new TA in 1920, a new medium artillery unit was formed, under the title 7th (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery, renumbered 51st the following year. It initially had its headquarters at Truro, Cornwall, and comprised three new Cornish batteries based at Padstow, Par and Penzance, and one existing heavy battery from Birmingham, Warwickshire.

51st (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade

There had been Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) at Padstow and Par since 1859, and at Penzance since 1877,^[1][2] and these had later formed part of the 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers.^[3] This unit had defended the Cornish ports throughout the First World War,^[4] but in the postwar reorganisation it became a Coast Artillery brigade based at Falmouth, and new batteries were raised at Padstow, Par and Penzance for the 51st Medium Brigade.

The other battery had originally been raised in 1908 at Saltley, Birmingham, as the South Midland (Warwickshire) Royal Garrison Artillery, which provided the Heavy battery of the 48th (South Midland) Division of the TF. It had served on the Western Front during the First World War.^[5][6]

With minor changes in title over succeeding years, the new unit was organised as follows:^[7]

51st (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery

• HQ St Austell
• 201st (Cornwall) Medium Battery, RA, Padstow
• 202nd (Cornwall) Medium Battery, RA (Howitzer), Par
• 203rd (Cornwall) Medium Battery, RA, Penzance
• 204th (Warwickshire) Medium Battery, RA, Saltley

56th (Cornwall) Anti-Aircraft Regiment

1939 Cigarette Card showing an officer of 56th (Cornwall) AA Regiment, RA, wearing Mess Dress

In 1932, as part of the increase in air defence for the United Kingdom, 51st Medium Brigade was converted into 56th (Cornwall) Anti-Aircraft Brigade. The HQ was at Falmouth and the three Cornish batteries (201, 202 and 203) were converted to the new role. In place of the Birmingham battery, the unit received 165th Battery at Redruth, which had formerly been part of the Cornwall Coast Brigade (see above). The regiment formed part of the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command.^[1][8]

In 1938 the RA replaced its traditional unit designation 'Brigade' by the modern 'Regiment'. Anti-Aircraft Command was formed in April 1939 to command all TA air defences.^[9][10]

The Blitz

By the outbreak of the Second World War, 56 AA Regiment was part of 35th Anti-Aircraft Brigade in 5th Anti-Aircraft Division of AA Command.^[11][12]

In the summer of 1940, along with other AA units equipped with the older 3-inch and newer 3.7-inch AA guns, the 56th was designated a Heavy AA Regiment.^[9] By then the regiment had been transferred to the command of 55th Anti-Aircraft Brigade in 8th Anti-Aircraft Division. This brigade provided air defence for the city of Plymouth and its Royal Navy Dockyard during The Blitz.^[13][14]

Iceland

In July 1941, 203 Battery was detached to Iceland, which had been occupied by British forces ('Alabaster Force') the previous year. The battery came under command of the Regular 12th HAA Regiment and was stationed to protect Royal Navy and Royal Air Force installations. However, the decision to transfer the defence of Iceland to the (still neutral) United States had been taken in July 1941, and the AA positions were taken over by US forces later in the year.^[15]

India

In December 1941 the regiment sailed (with 165, 201 and 202 Batteries) to India, arriving at Madras in March 1942, 202 Bty moving on to Calcutta shortly afterwards.^{[8][14][16][17]}

In 1942 56 HAA was under command of 13 AA Bde; a year later it was part of 3rd Indian AA Bde, which then exchanged with 9 AA Bde, all in the Bombay and Madras area. It also had 154 (London) Battery from 52 (London) HAA Regiment under command. At the end of March 1944 the regiment arrived in Galunche, where it came under the AA Brigade of XXXIII Indian Corps.^{[8][14][16][18]}

86th (Cornwall) Medium Regiment

In July 1944, by now under 9 AA Bde at Poona, the regiment underwent a major reorganisation, converting back to the medium artillery role. Initially designated 'B' Medium Regiment, it became 86th (Cornwall) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery on 15 August, with 165 and 201 Medium Batteries, while 202 Bty, which had just rejoined, moved to 'C' Medium Regiment (later 87 Medium Regiment). The reorganised regiment moved to Secunderabad in September, and then to Ranchi in December, where it joined RA Training HQ No 40.^{[8][14][16][19][20]} By the end of 1944, the regiment had acquired a section of 7.2-inch howitzers to operate in the medium artillery role, for which it had to find the detachments, command posts and observation post parties.^[21]

In mid-July 1945, 86 Medium Regiment came under the command of 59th Army Group Royal Artillery, which was training for Operation Zipper, the planned amphibious attack on the coast of enemy-occupied Malaya. However, the Japanese surrendered and the war ended before this operation could take place as planned.^[19][20][22]

Postwar

In 1947 the regiment was reconstituted in the TA as 456 (Cornwall) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA) with its HQ at Redruth and forming part of 81 AA Bde (the old 55 AA Bde based in Plymouth). However, when AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, the regiment was placed in suspended animation.^{[8][23][24][25]}

Honorary Colonel

The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the regiment:^[26]

• Hon Maj-Gen Sir Francis C. Poole, KBE, CB, CMG. DSO, appointed 19 January 1929
• Lt-Col Sir Edward Bolitho, KBE, CB, DSO, appointed 24 February 1937

Notes

1. Cornwall Volunteer Artillery at Regiments.org
2. Beckett, Appendix VIII.
3. Litchfield, p. 34
4. RGA batteries at the Regimental Warpath
5. South Midlands (Warwickshire) RGA at Regiments.org
6. Becke Pt 2a, pp. 77 –83.
7. 'Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army.
8. Southern Command 1937 at British Military History
9. Litchfield.
10. AA Command at British Military History
11. 5 AA Div 1939 at British Military History
12. AA Command 3 Sep 1939 at Patriot Files
13. 8 AA Div 1940 at British Military History
14. 56 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45
15. Routledge, p. 211.
16. Joslen, p. 519.
17. Routledge, Table XXXVII, pp. 252–3.
18. Routledge, Table XXXIX, pp. 254–5.
19. Joslen, p. 512.
20. 86 Med Rgt at RA 39–45
21. Routledge, p. 244.
22. 59 AGRA War Diary 1945, The National Archives (TNA), Kew file WO 172/7515.
23. 444–473 Rgts at British Army 1945 on
24. 67–106 AA Bdes at British Army 1945 on
25. Routledge, Table LXXV, p. 442.
26. Monthly Army List.

References

• Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
• Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1843424746.
• Litchfield, Norman E H, and Westlake, R, 1982. The Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908, The Sherwood Press, Nottingham. ISBN 0-9508205-0-4
• Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
• Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994.
• Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (also in Litchfield, Appendix IV).

Online sources

• Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)
• The Royal Artillery 1939–45
• British Military History
• British Army units from 1945 on