6-j symbol

Wigner's 6-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1940 and published in 1965. They are defined as a sum over products of four Wigner 3-j symbols,


  \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
  \end{Bmatrix}
   = \sum_{m_1, \dots, m_6} (-1)^{\sum_{k = 1}^6 (j_k - m_k)}
  \begin{pmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    m_1 & m_2 & -m_3
  \end{pmatrix}
  \begin{pmatrix}
    j_1 & j_5 & j_6\\
    -m_1 & m_5 & m_6
  \end{pmatrix}
  \begin{pmatrix}
    j_4 & j_5 & j_3\\
    m_4 & -m_5 & m_3
  \end{pmatrix}
  \begin{pmatrix}
    j_4 & j_2 & j_6\\
    -m_4 & -m_2 & -m_6
  \end{pmatrix}
.

The summation is over all six mi allowed by the selection rules of the 3-j symbols.

They are closely related to the Racah W-coefficients, which are used for recoupling 3 angular momenta, although Wigner 6-j symbols have higher symmetry and therefore provide a more efficient means of storing the recoupling coefficients.[1] Their relationship is given by:


  \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
  \end{Bmatrix}
   = (-1)^{j_1 + j_2 + j_4 + j_5} W(j_1 j_2 j_5 j_4; j_3 j_6).

Symmetry relations

The 6-j symbol is invariant under any permutation of the columns:


 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}
 =
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_2 & j_1 & j_3\\
    j_5 & j_4 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}
=
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_3 & j_2\\
    j_4 & j_6 & j_5
 \end{Bmatrix}
=
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_3 & j_2 & j_1\\
    j_6 & j_5 & j_4
 \end{Bmatrix}
= \cdots

The 6-j symbol is also invariant if upper and lower arguments are interchanged in any two columns:


 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}
 =
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_4 & j_5 & j_3\\
    j_1 & j_2 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}
 =
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_5 & j_6\\
    j_4 & j_2 & j_3
 \end{Bmatrix}
 =
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_4 & j_2 & j_6\\
    j_1 & j_5 & j_3
 \end{Bmatrix}.

These equations reflect the 24 symmetry operations of the automorphism group that leave the associated tetrahedral Yutsis graph with 6 edges invariant: mirror operations that exchange two vertices and a swap an adjacent pair of edges.

The 6-j symbol


 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}

is zero unless j1, j2, and j3 satisfy triangle conditions, i.e.,


  j_1 = |j_2-j_3|, \ldots, j_2+j_3

In combination with the symmetry relation for interchanging upper and lower arguments this shows that triangle conditions must also be satisfied for the triads (j1, j5, j6), (j4, j2, j6), and (j4, j5, j3). Furthermore, the sum of each of the elements of a triad must be an integer. Therefore, the members of each triad are either all integers or contain one integer and two half-integers.

Special case

When j6 = 0 the expression for the 6-j symbol is:


 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & 0
 \end{Bmatrix}
 = \frac{\delta_{j_2,j_4}\delta_{j_1,j_5}}{\sqrt{(2j_1+1)(2j_2+1)}} (-1)^{j_1+j_2+j_3}\{j_1,j_2,j_3\}.

The function {j1, j2, j3} is equal to 1 when the triad (j1, j2, j3) satisfies the triangle conditions, and zero otherwise. The symmetry relations can be used to find the expression when another j is equal to zero.

Orthogonality relation

The 6-j symbols satisfy this orthogonality relation:


  \sum_{j_3} (2j_3+1)
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6
 \end{Bmatrix}
 \begin{Bmatrix}
    j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
    j_4 & j_5 & j_6'
 \end{Bmatrix}
  = \frac{\delta_{j_6^{}j_6'}}{2j_6+1} \{j_1,j_5,j_6\} \{j_4,j_2,j_6\}.

Asymptotics

A remarkable formula for the asymptotic behavior of the 6-j symbol was first conjectured by Ponzano and Regge[2] and later proven by Roberts.[3] The asymptotic formula applies when all six quantum numbers j1, ..., j6 are taken to be large and associates to the 6-j symbol the geometry of a tetrahedron. If the 6-j symbol is determined by the quantum numbers j1, ..., j6 the associated tetrahedron has edge lengths Ji = ji+1/2 (i=1,...,6) and the asymptotic formula is given by,


\begin{Bmatrix}
j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\
j_4 & j_5 & j_6
\end{Bmatrix}
\sim \frac{1}{\sqrt{12 \pi |V|}} \cos{\left( \sum_{i=1}^{6} J_i \theta_i +\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}.

The notation is as follows: Each θi is the external dihedral angle about the edge Ji of the associated tetrahedron and the amplitude factor is expressed in terms of the volume, V, of this tetrahedron.

Mathematical interpretation

In representation theory, 6j-symbols are matrix coefficients of the associator isomorphism in a tensor category.[4] For example, if we are given three representations Vi, Vj, Vk of a group (or quantum group), one has a natural isomorphism

(V_i \otimes V_j) \otimes V_k \to V_i \otimes (V_j \otimes V_k)

of tensor product representations, induced by coassociativity of the corresponding bialgebra. One of the axioms defining a monoidal category is that associators satisfy a pentagon identity, which is equivalent to the Biedenharn-Elliot identity for 6j-symbols.

When a monoidal category is semisimple, we can restrict our attention to irreducible objects, and define multiplicity spaces

H_{i,j}^\ell = \operatorname{Hom}(V_{\ell}, V_i \otimes V_j)

so that tensor products are decomposed as:

V_i \otimes V_j = \bigoplus_\ell H_{i,j}^\ell V_\ell

where the sum is over all isomorphism classes of irreducible objects. Then:

(V_i \otimes V_j) \otimes V_k \cong \bigoplus_{\ell,m} H_{i,j}^\ell \otimes H_{\ell,k}^m \otimes V_m \qquad \text{while} \qquad V_i \otimes (V_j \otimes V_k) \cong \bigoplus_{m,n} H_{i,n}^m \otimes H_{j,k}^n \otimes V_m

The associativity isomorphism induces a vector space isomorphism

\Phi_{i,j}^{k,m}: \bigoplus_{\ell} H_{i,j}^\ell \otimes H_{\ell,k}^m \to \bigoplus_n H_{i,n}^m \otimes H_{j,k}^n

and the 6j symbols are defined as the component maps:


  \begin{Bmatrix}
    i & j & \ell\\
    k & m & n
  \end{Bmatrix}
= (\Phi_{i,j}^{k,m})_{\ell,n}

When the multiplicity spaces have canonical basis elements and dimension at most one (as in the case of SU(2) in the traditional setting), these component maps can be interpreted as numbers, and the 6j-symbols become ordinary matrix coefficients.

In abstract terms, the 6j-symbols are precisely the information that is lost when passing from a monoidal category to its Grothendieck group, since one can reconstruct a monoidal structure using the associator. For the case of representations of a finite group, the character table, together with its 6j-symbols, uniquely determines the group up to isomorphism, while the character table alone does not.

See also

Notes

  1. Rasch, J.; Yu, A. C. H. (2003). "Efficient Storage Scheme for Pre-calculated Wigner 3j, 6j and Gaunt Coefficients". SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 25 (4): 1416–1428. doi:10.1137/s1064827503422932.
  2. Ponzano G and Regge T (1968). "Semiclassical Limit of Racah Coefficients". in Spectroscopy and Group Theoretical Methods in Physics: Amsterdam: 1–58.
  3. Roberts J (1998). "Classical 6j-symbols and the tetrahedron". Geometry and Topology 3: 21–66. doi:10.2140/gt.1999.3.21.
  4. Etingof, P.; Gelaki S.; Nikshych D.; Ostrik V. (2009). Tensor Categories (PDF).

References

External links

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