75 mm Gun M2/M3/M6

Two M3s during Sherman tank repair in 26th British Armoured Brigade workshops in Perugia, Italy, 30 June 1944

A M3 is lifted out of a Sherman tank at 5th Indian Division's tank workshop near Taungtha, Burma, 29 March 1945

The US 75 mm gun tank gun M2 and the later M3 were the standard American tank guns of the Second World War, used primarily on the two main American medium tanks of the war, the M3 Lee (M2 or M3 gun) and the M4 Sherman (M3 gun)

The lightweight M6 and M5 variants were developed to equip the M24 Chaffee and the B-25 Mitchell bomber respectively. The M3 was also used on the prototype M7 Medium Tank platform.

History

M2 75 mm gun as mounted in medium tank M3

The 75 mm tank gun has its origins in the famous French Canon de 75 modèle 1897 field gun of World War I fame which was also adopted by the United States and used well into World War II as the 75 mm M1897 field gun. Both the tank and field guns fired the same range of 75x350R ammunition. The primary round was the M48 High Explosive. This 6.76 kg (14.9 lb) round travelled at 625 m/s (2,050 ft/s) and contained 1.5 pounds of TNT filling and choice of Super Quick (SQ) or Delay (PD) with 0.05 or 0.15 seconds of delay fuse. SQ was the standard setting with PD used against structures, gun positions or lightly protected vehicles. The field gun origins of the ordnance and ammunition ensured that the M2/3/6 series HE round was highly effective for its caliber. The M48 was available in 2 versions, standard or supercharge which increased the propellent charge for greater muzzle velocity (1,885 ft/s (575 m/s) vs. 1,470 ft/s (450 m/s)) and range (2,300 yards greater).

Other important rounds fired by the 75 mm tank guns were the T30 canister shot for use against troops in the open at short range. This was essentially a giant shotgun shell full of large numbers of steel balls. Canister was used primarily in the Pacific. There was also the M88 base-ejecting smoke round and the M89 white phosphorus (WP or "Willy Pete") round which proved highly effective in the bocage fighting around Normandy. Finally there was the armor-piercing for which two different rounds were provided.

The first armor-piercing round was the 6.32 kg (13.9 lb) M72 AP-T, a plain uncapped AP round whose performance dropped off as range increased due to poor aerodynamics. M72 was replaced by the 6.63 kg (14.62 lb) M61 and later the improved M61A1 APC Shell. This was actually an HE/APC-T type or rather an Armor Piercing Capped with Tracer filled with a small quantity of High Explosive. The aerodynamic ballistic cap acted as a windscreen and improved ballistic performance, maintained velocity, and retained penetration at longer ranges. The armor-piercing cap, made of a softer metal, helped to prevent shell shatter at higher velocities and against sloped and "face-hardened" armor(FHA). Once the projectile had penetrated the target a small explosive charge at the base of the shell would detonate shattering the shell, and increasing damage inside the enemy vehicle. The tracer helped in aiming of a second shot. In practice the majority of M61 rounds were shipped without the explosive filler. M61 had a muzzle velocity of 617 m/s (2024.28 ft/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate 3.3 inches (84 mm) of Rolled Homogeneous Armor plate (0° from vertical) at 500 yards range, which was a quite acceptable performance by the standards of 1942. This ammunition type proved lethal to the Panzer III and IV (up to Ausf. F2) as these tanks were protected by a maximum of 50mm of FHA with little slope, which the 75 mm M3 was capable of penetrating from 1500 m.^[1] With the later Ausf. G iteration, the Panzer IV was rearmed with KwK 40 and its frontal hull armour increased up to 80 mm, but its turret and gun mantlet retained their 50 mm thickness. This was compensated somewhat by the M4 Sherman's improved armor over the earlier M3 Lee making up for the 75 mm M3's diminishing battlefield dominance; Wa Pruef 1 estimated that the M4's glacis was impenetrable to the KwK 40 when standing at a 30-degree side angle, while the 75 mm M3 could penetrate the Ausf G's hull from 100 m in the same situation.^[2]

By July 1944 complaints started to pour in about the inadequate anti-tank performance of the M4 Medium tanks fitted with the 75 mm M3 gun. During the breakout from Normandy American and British forces encountered the new generation of heavy German tanks and armored vehicles such as the Panther tank, Tiger I tank and Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyer in quantity for the first time. These vehicles had thick frontal armor that proved largely immune to the M61 projectiles fired by the M3 tank gun and severely tarnished the reputation of the M4 Medium tank. The western allies countered by equipping increasing numbers of M4 Medium tanks with the 76 mm gun M1 for the Americans and the Ordnance QF 17 pounder for the British. These guns offered much improved performance against tanks, but because their High Explosive rounds were inferior to those of the 75 mm guns, the 76 mm guns never completely replaced the older models.

British tanks in the early years of World War II relied on high-velocity anti-tank guns such as the Ordnance QF 2 pounder and Ordnance QF 6 pounder for their primary armament. As tank guns these had the great disadvantage of either not having a truly effective High Explosive round or not even having a HE round at all. The British after experiencing the effectiveness of the American 75 mm tank guns in the infantry support role opted to adopt the American caliber and ammunition by the expedient of boring-out the 6 pounder tank gun to make the Ordnance QF 75 mm. By 1944 this had become the standard British tank gun equipping the Cromwell tank and Churchill tank for the campaigns in northwest Europe.

Variants

An M3 Grant with the 75 mm gun

An M4 Sherman with a 75 mm Gun M3

An M24 Chaffee with the 75 mm Gun M6

B-25H "Barbie III" showing 75 mm M5 gun and 4 Browning 50 cal feeds

Used on the early M3 Lee.

Barrel length: 31 calibres
Muzzle velocity: 588 m/s (1,929 ft/s) with M72 AP shell
Shell weight (M72 AP): 6.32 kg (14 lbs)
Armour penetration (M72 AP shell, 100 m, at 30 degrees from vertical): 64 mm of face-hardened (FHA) armour or 76 mm of rolled homogeneous (RHA) armour
M3

Longer derivative of the M2. Equipped American and British vehicles such as the M4 Sherman, the later models of the M3 Lee and the Churchill III/IV (scavenged from General Sherman tanks in the North African theatre). US Army also experimented with mounting of the M3 on various wheeled carriages for use as anti-tank gun, but the program was cancelled due to lack of requirement.^[3]

Barrel length: 40(37.5) calibres (3 m)
Muzzle velocity: 619 m/s (2,031 ft/s) with M72 AP shell
Shell weight (M72 AP): 6.32 kg (14 lbs)
Armour penetration (M72 AP shell, 100 m, at 30 degrees from vertical): 72 mm of FHA armour or 88 mm of RHA armour
Muzzle velocity: 617 m/s (2,024 ft/s) with M61 APC shell
Shell weight (M61 APC): 6.63 kg (14.62 lbs)
Armour penetration (M61 APC shell, 100 m, at 30 degrees from vertical): 77 mm of FHA armour or 76 mm of RHA armour
M4

The 75 mm aircraft gun M4 is a modification of the M3 gun which is found in medium tanks. It differs from the M3 gun, only in having a seat for the spline machined in the tube. it was mounted on the M6 mount.

T13E1 / M5

A lightweight version of the M3 with a lighter thin-walled barrel and a different recoil mechanism that was used in the B-25H Mitchell bomber. Uses the same ammunition and has the same ballistics as the M3.

A version derived from the T13E1 for the M24 Chaffee.

Barrel length: 39 calibres (2,92 m)
Muzzle velocity: 619 m/s (2,031 ft/s) with M72 AP shell
Shell weight (M72 AP): 6.32 kg (14 lbs)
Armour penetration (M72 AP shell, 100 m, at 30 degrees from vertical): 72 mm of FHA armour or 88 mm of RHA armour
Muzzle velocity: 617 m/s (2,024 ft/s) with M61 APC shell
Shell weight (M61 APC): 6.63 kg (14.62 lbs)
Armour penetration (M61 APC shell, 100 m, at 30 degrees from vertical): 77 mm of FHA armour or 76 mm of RHA armour

Penetration comparison

Penetration figures (90 degrees) uses American and British 50% success criteria,
and allowing direct comparison to foreign gun performance.^[4]
Gun type	Ammunition type	Muzzle velocity (m/s)	Penetration (mm)
Gun type	Ammunition type	Muzzle velocity (m/s)	100 m	250 m	500 m	750 m	1000 m	1250 m	1500 m	1750 m	2000 m	2500 m	3000 m
75mm/L31 (M2)	M61	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	92	89	84	79	75	71	67	63	59	53	47
75mm/L31 (M2)	M72	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	95	90	81	73	66	60	54	49	45	36	30
75mm/L40 (M3/6)	M61	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	102	99	95	90	86	82	79	75	72	65	60
75mm/L40 (M3/6)	M72	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	109	102	92	84	76	68	62	56	51	41	34

Notes

↑ Jentz, Thomas; Doyle, Hilary (2001). Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J 1942-45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1841761826.
↑ Jentz, Thomas; Doyle, Hilary (2001). Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J 1942-45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1841761826.
↑ Zaloga, Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45, p 8-9
↑ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. pp. 62–63.

References

Zaloga, Steven J., Brian Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45 (2005) Osprey Publishing (New Vanguard 107), ISBN 1-84176-690-9.
TM 9-2800 Standard Artillery and Fire Control Material (dated February 1944)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 75 mm Gun M2/M3/M6.

Armor penetration table of US 75 mm M3 L/40 guns (search for Intelligence then Text Database of Penetration Data and select US guns)

United States artillery of World War II

Tank guns	37 mm gun M5/M6 75 mm gun M2/M3/M6 76 mm gun M1 3 inch gun M7 90 mm gun M3 105 mm howitzer M4

Anti-tank guns	37 mm M3 57 mm M1 75 mm M1897 3 inch M5 90 mm T8 105mm T8

Field, medium and heavy guns	75 mm M1897 75 mm howitzer M1 105 mm howitzer M2 105 mm howitzer M3 4.5 inch gun M1 155 mm howitzer M1918 155 mm howitzer M1 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom" 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 8-inch gun M1 240 mm howitzer M1

Mortars	60 mm mortar M2 81 mm mortar M1 4.2 inch mortar M2 Little David

Other vehicle-mounted	75 mm howitzer M2/M3 75 mm gun M1897 105 mm howitzer M2 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M2

Anti-aircraft guns	37 mm M1 40 mm M1 3 inch M3 90 mm M1 120 mm M1

Coast artillery guns	3-inch gun M1903 90 mm M1 6-inch gun M1903 155 mm gun M1918MI 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 16-inch Marks 2 and 3 16-inch howitzer M1920

Railway artillery	8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch M1888 14-inch M1920

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