Andrés Manuel López Obrador

"AMLO" redirects here. For the Thai government agency, see Anti-Money Laundering Office.
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is López and the second or maternal family name is Obrador.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Head of Government of the Federal District
In office
April 25, 2000 – July 29, 2005
Preceded by Rosario Robles
Succeeded by Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez
Leader of the Party of the Democratic Revolution
In office
1996–1999
Preceded by Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
Personal details
Born (1953-11-13) November 13, 1953[1]
Macuspana, Mexico
Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (1976–1988)
Party of the Democratic Revolution (1989–2012)
National Regeneration Movement (2012-)
Spouse(s) Rocío Beltrán Medina (m. 1979; div. 2003)
Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller (m. 2006)
Occupation politician, politology
Religion Evangelical Christianity[2][3][4][5][6]

Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Spanish: [anˌdɾez maˈnwel ˈlopes oβɾaˈðoɾ]; born November 13, 1953), also known as AMLO[7][8] is a Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District from 2000 to 2005, before resigning in July 2005 to contend the 2006 presidential election, representing the Coalition for the Good of All, a coalition led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) that includes the Convergence party and the Labor Party. He is the leader of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) and was a candidate for 2012 presidential election, representing a coalition of the PRD, Labor Party and Citizens' Movement (formerly Convergence).[9] He announced his resignation from the party on 9 September 2012.

Background

Andrés Manuel López Obrador was born in Macuspana, in the southern state of Tabasco, in 1953.[10] He joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1976 to support Carlos Pellicer's campaign for a senate seat for Tabasco. A year later, he headed the Instituto Indigenista (Indigenous People's Institute) of his state. In 1984, he relocated to Mexico City to work at the Instituto Nacional del Consumidor (National Consumers' Institute), a Government agency.

López Obrador was president of the PRI in his home state. He resigned his post working for the government of this state in 1988 to join the new dissenting left wing of the PRI, then called the Democratic Current, led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. This movement formed the National Democratic Front and later became the PRD.

In 1994, López Obrador ran for the governorship of his home state, but lost to the PRI's Roberto Madrazo in a highly controversial election[11] where Roberto Madrazo was questioned for his excessive expenses in political propaganda.

López Obrador gained national exposure as an advocate for the rights of indigenous people when in 1996 he appeared on national TV drenched in blood following confrontations with police force for blocking Pemex oil wells to defend the rights of local indigenous people impacted by pollution.[12]

López Obrador publicly denied being a Protestant, and in a television interview he called himself a Roman Catholic.[13][14]

López Obrador was president of the PRD from August 2, 1996 to April 10, 1999.

Head of Government of the Federal District

On July 2, 2000 he was elected Head of Government of the Federal District — a position akin to that of a city mayor, but that oversees the Federal District — after having won with 38.3% of votes.[15] His candidacy was contested by political opponents who claimed he was not a resident of Mexico City, but they negotiated not to make an issue of it.

Public image

During his time as Head of Government, López Obrador became one of the most recognizable politicians in Mexico. López Obrador left the Federal District government with an 84% approval rating according to Consulta Mitofsky, a leading pollster;[16] according to an article by Reforma newspaper, López kept 80% of the promises he made as a candidate.[17][18]

Political agenda

As mayor, López Obrador implemented various social programs that included extending financial assistance to help vulnerable groups in Mexico City,[19][20] including single mothers, senior citizens and the physically and mentally challenged. He also founded the first new university in Mexico City in three decades, the Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México UACM.

López Obrador hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani to craft a zero-tolerance policy that would help reduce the escalating crime in Mexico City.[21][22]

López Obrador (center) with former President Vicente Fox (left) and former México State governor Arturo Montiel (right).

He directed the restoration and modernization of Mexico City's historic downtown, which has 16th–17th century buildings and a large number of tourist attractions. He led a joint venture with Carlos Slim Helú, a native of downtown Mexico City, to expropriate, restore, rebuild and gentrify large parts of the area, creating attractive shopping and residential areas for middle and upper income residents.

López Obrador used fiscal policy to encourage private sector investment in housing.[23] He granted construction firms large tax breaks and changed zoning regulations to make construction projects more financially attractive. This led to the construction of more condominiums and office building during his tenure than during any other period in Mexico City history. New high density condos have emerged in the upscale neighborhoods of Polanco and Lomas.[24]

To improve traffic flow in the city's two main inner city roads, Periférico and Viaducto, he added sections of second stories to their existing infrastructure. The effect of this in aiding the traffic problem in Mexico City is positive, but only about 10% of the total length of those roads was renovated at a very high cost. An express bus service, the "Metrobús", based on the successful Curitiba model, was built down Avenida Insurgentes, cutting through the city some 20 km from north to south.[25]

Legal and political controversies

Main articles: desafuero and videoscandals

Removal of immunity from prosecution

Banner supporting López Obrador in front of the Palacio de Bellas Artes.

All elected government officials in Mexico, from mayors to the President, and all legislators, local and federal, have an official immunity called fuero that prevents criminal charges from being brought against them. If a person protected by fuero commits a crime, there is a process in place aimed at removing the person's immunity so that charges can be brought against such person. This process is called desafuero.

The process was kept slow, until in 2004 the Attorney General's Office asked Congress to strip López Obrador of his immunity under charges of a misdemeanor (ignoring a court order). Under federal law, any person with criminal charges during the electoral process would not be eligible to contest in a presidential election. Because of the general slowness of the judicial system, it was very likely that a process started in 2004 would continue until the presidential campaigns of 2006, and so the process of bringing López Obrador to court would have ended his ambitions of running for the presidency in 2006.

López Obrador used the moment to advance his popularity, and even put himself in a position where he was about to set foot in jail, only to be bailed out by political opponents who claimed López Obrador should follow the same judicial process as anyone else. One of the largest public marches ever seen was organized in support of López against the desafuero.

Most analysts agree that the desafuero process was politically motivated by the high approval ratings shown by López Obrador. However, analysts also agree that Lopez challenged the court to picture himself as a victim of the nomenclature an advance politically. Likewise, some newspaper editorial boards throughout the world charged that the desafuero was politically motivated (including The New York Times[32] and the Washington Post)[33] and that it should be stopped, and that excluding Obrador from the upcoming elections would delegitimize the eventual winner. Still, some analysts believed that López should have faced the force of the law, and thus becoming the only public official in Mexican history to be prosecuted (after a long tradition of impunity in government).

After congress voted in favor of removing López Obrador from immunity, López Obrador asked for leave from his post for a few days. President Vicente Fox, wanting to avoid a political cataclysm, and knowing that the decision made by the congress was against the will of millions of people,[34] appeared on national TV in April 2005, indicating that the issue would not be pursued any longer. The whole deal ended up closed on a technicality, and López Obrador, though without immunity, was not prosecuted (and thus remained eligible to compete in the presidential election). A few weeks later, Attorney General Rafael Macedo de la Concha resigned.

2006 general election

On July 6, 2006 the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced the final vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.56 percentage points of victory for his opponent, Felipe Calderón. López Obrador appealed against the results and mobilized large protests against the election. However, on September 5, 2006, the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) ruled that the election was fair and that Felipe Calderón was winner and would become President of Mexico.[35]

In contesting the election, López Obrador and his coalition made several primary arguments: (a) that President Fox, the CCE and other organizations had illegally interfered in the presidential campaign, which was strictly prohibited by Mexican electoral law,[36] thereby providing grounds to annul the election; that (b) that the votes were fraudulently tallied on July 2 and afterwards; and that (c) there was widespread and significant evidence of electoral irregularities, ranging from stuffed ballot boxes and inconsistent tally reports, to improper and illegal handling of the ballot trail and voter intimidation.

Some media believed that López Obrador and his party failed to present sufficient proof of the supposed fraud. Other media believed that López Obrador did present sufficient evidence, and that the Court's decision was flawed or corrupt.

The Court did find that President Fox, and the CCE, a business interest group, had interfered in the elections in the form of campaigning for a given candidate, which is against campaign laws. However, the TEPJF determined that it was not possible to accurately evaluate the influence this interference had on the election results, but estimated the impact of Fox's interference as insignificant to the results of the election. The Tribunal stated that, similarly, it could not gauge the impact of CCE's interference.

Consequently, the Court ruled that both interferences could not be considered as a sufficient judicial cause to annul the election. In reference to the allegations of fraud, the Court similarly found that there was insufficient evidence to annul the election.[37][38]

López Obrador and his coalition had alleged irregularities in a large number of polling stations and demanded a national recount. Ultimately the electoral tribunal (TEPJF), in a unanimous vote, ordered a recount of only about 9% of the polling stations.[39] The Supreme Court later ruled that the evidence presented did not demonstrate that sufficient fraud had occurred, to change the outcome of the election.

In response to this result, in a move reminiscent of Madero's response to Diaz, Obrador's followers proclaimed him the "Legitimate President," inaugurated him in a ceremony in the Zocalo, and formed an alternative, parallel government.

Presidential campaign

Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2012

In September 2005, López Obrador was nominated as presidential pre-candidate for the PRD for the 2006 general election after the "moral leader" of the party, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, declined to participate in the internal elections when polls showed López Obrador had 90% party support.

Until March 2006 he was considered the presidential front runner by the majority of polls; however, polls in late April showed decline in López Obrador's numbers.[40]

López Obrador was criticized by some left-wing politicians and analysts for including in his close staff many former members of the PRI who actively fought against his party in the 1980s and 1990s,[41] most notably Arturo Núñez (one of the authors of a contingency fund created to resolve liquidity problems of the banking system),[42] Manuel Camacho Solís and Marcelo Ebrard. The guerrilla leader of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), Subcomandante Marcos, openly declared López Obrador to be a false left-wing candidate, arguing that he is a centrist candidate. The "moral leader" and founder of the PRD, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, did not participate in any campaign events, but stated that he would still vote for his party, the PRD.

López Obrador's proposals, including his 50 commitments, produced mixed opinions from analysts. The Washington Post ran a news article indicating that López Obrador used U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as inspiration for his 50 commitments.[43]

On May 19, Roberto Madrazo, presidential candidate for the PRI, considered by all polls to be in a distant third place, hinted at the possibility of an alliance with López Obrador to prevent Calderón from winning the election,[44][45] after both the parties had criticized the government for what, in their opinion, is supposed illegal support by the federal government for the National Action Party (PAN) candidate's campaigning. The PRD has said that both parties have entered into an information sharing agreement regarding the issue.[46][47] This, combined with calls from high ranking PRI member Manuel Bartlett (former interior secretary when the alleged 1988 presidential election fraud was committed) to vote for López,[48] aroused media speculation that the PRI and the PRD would indeed ally.

On May 28, after López Obrador had discounted any such alliance because the PRI and PRD political tendencies cannot be conciliated,[49] Roberto Madrazo indicated that his comments were misunderstood, and that he will not step down nor will he endorse another candidate.[50][51] On July 6, 2006, Felipe Calderón was recognized as the winner of the presidential election by a narrow margin of 243,934 votes, though the claim is disputed by López Obrador, who claims there were widespread irregularities in the vote and wants every single vote recounted[52] (A generalized recount is only legal in extreme circumstances according to Mexican Electoral Tribunal Jurisprudence S3ELJ14-2004[53]). On July 8, 2006, López Obrador called for nationwide protests to ask for a recount of all votes, stating that "the government would be responsible for any flare-up of anger after officials rejected his demand for a manual recount of Sunday's extremely close vote."[54]

López's 50 commitments can be found here.

Post-election protests

López Obrador announced his victory to his supporters on the night of the election day stating that according to exit polls he had won by 500,000 votes. He did not cite any polls at the time,[55] later he referenced Covarrubias[56] and IMO.[57] Several days later, the Federal Electoral Institute published its final tally, which had him down by a margin of 0.58%, or approximately 243,000 votes. López Obrador then initiated legal challenges, claiming election irregularities in 54% of polling stations, and demanded publicly the votes to be recounted "vote by vote" in all polling stations. The case was discussed by the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) and finally dismissed.

While the case was discussed in the Electoral Tribunal, the IFE has called for the candidates to refrain from proclaiming themselves as winner, president-elect, or president until the final resolution was taken. Both candidates disobeyed this call. In an interview by U.S. Spanish-language TV network Univisión, López referred to himself as "President of Mexico".[58][59]

López Obrador held several gatherings in downtown Mexico City with hundreds of thousands of people attending, pressuring for a "vote for vote" general recount. On July 31, in an act of civil disobedience, he organized the blocking of 12 kilometers of one of the most important roads in the capital, Paseo de la Reforma, which houses several important hotels, corporate main offices and the Mexico City Stock Market.[60] Business groups said the blockades cost Mexico City businesses located near the areas of conflict daily losses of 350,000,000 Mexican pesos (about US$35 million).[61] In order to compensate, they have asked the Government of Mexico City to exempt them from paying taxes this year.

On Saturday August 5, the TEPJF met in public session to decide the outcome of the complaints the PRD and its coalition partners filed. The seven magistrates voted unanimously to order the recount of 11,839 ballot boxes in 155 districts (9.2% of the total), despite López's public demand that all votes and ballot boxes be recounted.[62] The TEPJF based its decision of a partial recount on its finding that, despite publicly demanding a vote-by-vote general recount, López Obrador's party filed legal challenges to 71,000 polling stations (54%). Therefore, by law, the TEPJF found it could order a recount of only those 71,000 polling stations in controversy. The TEPJF ruled that it could not order a recount of the votes not in controversy because "the certainty asked by the [López Obrador] Coalition is tied to the respect for the tallies certified by the citizens in the polling stations not in controversy". However, the TEPJF did certify that principles of certainty in elections were grounds for a recount in some of the stations in controversy, since there was evidence of possible irregularities.[63]

López Obrador rejected the resolution as narrow and he and his followers thus intensified their civil resistance. For about two hours on August 9, protesters took over the tollbooths on four federal highways. These roads link Mexico City to Cuernavaca, Querétaro, Toluca, and Pachuca. The protesters prevented personnel from charging tolls in some of these roads and allowed vehicles to pass freely. Also, hundreds of López supporters surrounded four of the main offices of foreign banks, including Citibank's Banamex, BBVA's Bancomer, and the Mexican subsidiary of HSBC, closing them for about four hours, claiming that the foreign banks "ransack the country" and "widen the barrier between rich and poor" and because, supposedly, these banks had participated in the politics of the country supporting the PAN candidate Felipe Calderón.[64][65]

On August 8 López Obrador sent a message to the press, regarding the blockades, where he explained to the people, "10 reasons" in which he stands to continue the "peaceful civil resistance".[66]

López Obrador held a rally, which he called a "National Democratic Convention", on September 16, Independence Day, when a military parade was also scheduled to be held. The "democratic convention" started after the military parade.

Claiming that all Mexican institutions are linked and protect each other, López Obrador said that the country's institutions "no longer work" and called for the creation of new ones.[67] He was quoted saying "the big changes in Mexico have never been produced through conventional politics, but in the streets". Some have understood this as a call for revolution.

López Obrador led a rally on the day of the state of the union speech, where sympathizers celebrated the President being prevented from delivering his speech inside congress.[68] They claimed that the President "had created a police state" in the area around the Congress building and interpreted it as a violation of the Constitution that made it impossible for Congress to be called into session, and thereby enabling Fox to address the chamber.[69] He explicitly told his followers not to be lured into violent confrontations, declaring, "We aren't going to fall into any trap. We aren't going to be provoked".[70] He also asked his followers to remain in the Zócalo, instead of marching to the legislative palace, the site of the state of the union speech, as had been planned.

According to a poll published on December 1, 2006 in El Universal, 42% believe that Calderón's victory was fraudulent, and 46% believe that it was not.[71]

"Legitimate Presidency"

Andrés Manuel López Obrador being proclaimed "Legitimate President of Mexico" by his supporters. This designation is purely symbolic and holds no legal force.[72]

On November 20, 2006, Mexican Revolution day, López Obrador's sympathizers proclaimed him "Legitimate President" in a rally at the Zócalo in Mexico City, though no formal poll was taken.[73] The action was planned in another rally, the "National Democratic Convention", in which supporters gave him the title. At the Convention, López Obrador called for the establishment of a parallel government and shadow cabinet. He also advocated the abolition or reform of several institutions, alleging they are spoiled and corrupt, and asked for changes to the constitution to ensure the institutions work "for the people", and provide welfare and assistance to the elderly and other vulnerable groups.

After his supporters proclaimed him as "Legitimate President of Mexico",[72] López created a "Cabinet of Denunciation" to counter all moves done by President Felipe Calderón. It is expected that this "alternative cabinet" be used as a pressure mechanism to the initiatives of the government.[74]

In his speech at the proclamation ceremony, López Obrador promised to "procure the happiness of the people",[75] and announced 20 "actions of government":[76]

Days later, López Obrador announced that he would earn a salary of $50,000 pesos ($5000 US$) a month, provided by donations.[77]

Reactions to the "Legitimate Presidency"

Reactions to López Obrador's "legitimate presidency" varied widely. An opinion by El País said that López Obrador's "lack of consideration to democratic institutions and rule of law seriously endanger civil peace in Mexico".[78] After speculation of whether or not López Obrador's self-proclamation was against the law, the PRI stated that this political action is not a crime.[79] Liébano Sáenz, chief of staff of former President Ernesto Zedillo, stated that López Obrador "will become the conscience of the nation, which will do much good for Mexican democracy.[80] Raúl Vera López, Roman Catholic bishop of Saltillo, Coahuila, declared that López Obrador's so called "legitimate presidency" is a result of the "profound discontent with how the country has been run," and that Obrador had "very deep moral backing."[81]

A poll conducted by Grupo Reforma indicated that 56% of Mexicans disapproved of López taking the title, while only 19% approve. Sixty-three percent of those polled have also said that the former candidate has lost credibility. Other responses in the poll include 82% describing the political atmosphere in Mexico as "tense", and 45% of the polled blaming it on the PRD, with only 20% blaming it on the PAN, and 25% blaming both parties. (The poll was a telephone survey of 850 adults on November 18 with 95% confidence interval of +/-3.4% margin of error.).[82]

In the first few months of his term, President Calderón's announced initiatives that mirrored those of Obrador. These included price ceilings for tortillas,[83] in the form of a "Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact", that protect local producers of corn, a Presidential Decree limiting the President's salary and that of cabinet ministers, and a proposal for a constitutional amendment that, if passed, would significantly lower salaries for all public servants, and impose caps on compensation.[84] These measures have been interpreted by some as actions "seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government".,[84] by others as actions designed to undercut the opposition government.

Influence in the 2008 PRD elections

In 2008, the PRD held elections to renew its leadership. López Obrador's candidate, Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez was opposed by Jesús Ortega. Allegations of fraud by both factions halted recounts and raised doubts about the legitimacy of the election. Media figures commented that, while López Obrador had used phrases such as "fraud", "illegitimacy", "corruption", etc. in the 2006 Mexican elections, the same phrases were now used to describe the PRD's election, and many feared that, no matter what the outcome, there would be a "legitimate" and a "spurious" President inside the Party.[85] According to exit polls conducted by Mitofsky and IMO, Encinas won by 5% and 8% points, respectively.[86]

Occupation of Congress

The Mexican Congress was also taken by legislators of the Broad Progressive Front (FAP), the PRD, Labor and Convergence parties, on April 10, 2008 because of their disagreement with the Mexican Government regarding energy policy discussions, claiming they violated the Constitution. López Obrador's followers took both Houses of the Congress and had them chained so nobody could enter, thus avoiding the approval of secondary laws which modified the legal framework of the Mexican national oil company, Pemex.[87] Chairs and tables were used as barricades. López Obrador requested a 4-month long debate on energy policies and not a 50-day debate presented by the PAN, PRI, Green Party and New Alliance.[88]

2012 presidential campaign

López Obrador at Zócalo in 2012

In 2012, Obrador was again the candidate of the PRD for President.

Economic proposals

In November 2011, López Obrador announced some of his economic proposals:[89]

Cabinet

López Obrador announced a tentative cabinet. Among them were:[90]

Security policy

López Obrador had been a firm critic of Felipe Calderón's military approach, and promised a further application of the law, proposing to take care of the victims of the Mexican Drug War and an emphasis on the protection of human rights in the country.[91] He proposed a single police command that would gradually assume the activities of the Mexican Navy and the Mexican Army, as well as a single intelligence agency to tackle the financial networks of the Mexican criminal organizations.[91] The new police force would promote "civic and moral values." He said that he was committed to increase the salaries and benefits given to law enforcement officials throughout Mexico. His security strategy was composed of ten proposals, but all of them had a major theme: organized crime cannot be tackled if the government is responsible for the "erosion of human rights."[91]

He also stated that if he elected, he would firmly reject any intelligence activity from the United States, including money and weapons in aid. This policy would put a stop to the operations in Mexico of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Drug Enforcement Administration, including the use of unmanned drones.[91] But it could also discourage U.S. aid to Mexico ($1.6 billion since 2008).

This proposal was intended to appeal to popular resentment over U.S. actions in "Operation Fast and Furious", in which U.S. ATF agents allegedly engaged in "gunwalking."[91][92]

López Obrador promised to reactivate the economy and social growth so more Mexicans could have access to a "better life" without having to join the cartels and abandon the rule of law.[93] He also pledged to improve Mexico's educational system and create more jobs before the criminal groups have a chance to recruit them.[93] He also spoke of putting an end to corruption, impunity, drug consumption and addiction, and to the great privileges of the elite few.[93] The security Cabinet that he proposed was to work directly with the municipal and state forces in a unified command.[93]

López Obrador summed up his security policy as "Abrazos, no balazos." (Hugs, not bullets).[94] At the start of his campaign, he said that he would remove Army personnel from the streets, but then said on May 2012 that he would use the military until Mexico has a "trained, skilled and moralized police force."[94]

Election results

The election was won by Enrique Peña Nieto of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, with 38.2%, to 31.6% for Obrador. Obrador did not accept the preliminary results, as a majority of votes had yet to be counted.[95]

Subsequently, he claimed vote buying and other irregularities, and demanded a full recount by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE).[96]

The IFE found some irregularities, but confirmed the results on 6 July. Obrador rejected this announcement, and on 12 July filed a complaint for invalidation of the election. He alleged vote-buying, spending in excess of election regulations, illegal fund raising, and vote fraud. But on 30 August, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary rejected Obrador's complaint.

Post-elections

Obrador told a rally in Mexico City's main plaza Zocalo on 9 September 2012 that he would withdraw from the Democratic Revolution Party "on the best of terms," as well as the Labor Party and Citizens' Movement. He added that he was working on founding a new party from the Movement for National Regeneration.[97]

See also

References

  1. ↑ lopezobrador.org.mx/semblanza/
  2. ↑ http://www.noticiacristiana.com/sociedad/iglesiaestado/2011/07/politico-mexicano-declara-a-noticiero-radial-ser-cristiano.html
  3. ↑ http://www.la-verdad.com.mx/humanizar-mexico-mediante-cristianismo-sugiere-amlo-23112.html
  4. ↑ http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/editoriales/33204.html
  5. ↑ http://www.noticiacristiana.com/sociedad/politica/2006/05/un-presidente-evangelico-en-mexico.html
  6. ↑ http://www.ejecentral.com.mx/amlo-francisco-morena-y-la-imagen-de-mexico/
  7. ↑ "Las 6 promesas económicas de AMLO". CNNExpansión. 5 November 2011.
  8. ↑ Grayson, George W. "López Obrador Continues His Presidential Crusade in Chiapas" (PDF). CSIS Hemisphere Focus. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Semblanza de Andres Manuel López Obrador". MORENA. May 1, 2012.
  10. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20110325063913/http://www.eleccionesenmexico.com:80/archivos/noticias/el_licendiado_lopez_obrador.php. Archived from the original on March 25, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ "Levantan bloqueos; no aceptaremos simulaciones: López Obrador" (in Spanish). La Jornada. February 17, 1996. Archived from the original on November 11, 2004. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  13. ↑ Carlos Martínez García (May 10, 2006). "AMLO ¿protestante?" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  14. ↑ Archived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ López Obrador: El nuevo desafío
  17. ↑ "Quedan compromisos pendientes de cumplir". Reforma. July 28, 2005. p. 4B. (subscription required (help)).
  18. ↑ "Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Mexico's presidential election". Economist.com (requires subscription). April 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  19. ↑ Mexican messiah: Andrés Manuel López Obrador by George W. Grayson
  20. ↑ "In support of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador – Mayor of Mexico City". World Mayor. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  21. ↑ Monica Campbell (March 17, 2004). "Clean and austere: Mexico's next president?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  22. ↑ Theodore Hamm (June 2003). "Viva Rudy?". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  23. ↑ María José Ortega Moncada (September 10, 2001). "El Gobierno del Distrito Federal ante el reto de la modernización inmobiliaria" (in Spanish). Inmobiliare Magazine. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  24. ↑ Arturo Cerda (October 31, 2004). "No hay que pensar en proyectos muy sofisticados para cambiar las cosas en el país; sólo hace falta cumplir la Constitución, dice López Obrador" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  25. ↑ Marla Dickerson (June 19, 2005). "Mayor seeks a way to ease traffic". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  26. ↑ Editorial (November 23, 2004). "Linchan a agentes de la PFP en Tláhuac" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  27. ↑ Editorial (November 23, 2004). "La PJDF rescata a agente de la PFP" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  28. ↑ ""No estoy justificando lo injustificable": Encinas" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. November 26, 2004. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  29. ↑ Francisco Barradas (November 25, 2004). "Explota "Jefe Diego" Vs. usos y costumbres" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  30. ↑ "In the pre-electoral atmosphere, human rights issues are in the last place" (PDF). Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez. Autumn 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  31. ↑ "Mexico: Federal Cops Lynched" (TXT). Tulane University. November 28, 2004. p. 8. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  32. ↑ Editorial Desk (April 7, 2005). "Let Mexico's Voters Decide". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  33. ↑ Editorial desk (April 6, 2005). "Decision on Democracy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  34. ↑ "Más de un millón repudiaron el abuso del poder" (in Spanish). La Jornada. April 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  35. ↑ Carlos Avilés, Arturo Zárate (September 5, 2006). "Proponen magistrados declarar Presidente electo a Calderón" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  36. ↑ "Campaign row heats up in Mexico". BBC News. May 23, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  37. ↑ "(TEPJF) Injerencia de Fox, mayor irregularidad: Navarro" (in Spanish). Invertia.com. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  38. ↑ "(TEPJF) Afirma que CCE tuvo injerencia en campaña electoral" (in Spanish). Invertia.com. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  39. ↑ Jorge Herrera, Arturo Zárate (August 5, 2006). "Precisan recuento: 9.07% de las casillas en 149 distritos" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 2088-06-16. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  40. ↑ Ulises Beltrán, Alejandro Cruz Martínez (April 2006). "Se cierra la contienda" (PDF) (in Spanish). BGC, Ulises Beltrán y Asociados. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  41. ↑ Los mineros, los muertos, los políticos Archived April 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ↑ "Arturo Núñez justifica la aprobación de Fobaproa – El Universal – México". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  43. ↑ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (June 23, 2006). "Using FDR as Model, Presidential Hopeful Out to Build New Deal for Mexico". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  44. ↑ Excélsior
  45. ↑ "Calderón Remains on Top in Mexico: Angus Reid Global Monitor". Angus-reid.com. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  46. ↑ La posición del IFE es ''tibia y débil'': Madrazo Archived November 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  47. ↑ "Asume" el IFE que Fox será imparcial el 2 de julio Archived June 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ↑ "Mexican PRI Senator Throws Support to Lopez Obrador (Update3)". Bloomberg. May 25, 2006.
  49. ↑ La alianza con el PRI es decisión del PRD: AMLO Archived November 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ No declinaré, mucho menos en favor de otro candidato, asegura Madrazo Archived November 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "El Economista.com.mx" (in Spanish). El Economista.com.mx. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  52. ↑ "Va AMLO al Trife :: México". esmas. July 6, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  53. ↑ Archived May 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑ "Supporters of Mexico's Leftist Candidate Obrador Take to Streets". Fox News. July 9, 2006.
  55. ↑ Gobierno Legítimo de México
  56. ↑ "El PRD dice que López encabeza los sondeos a pie de urna y convoca a la población al Zócalo a las 23:00". Actualidad.terra.es. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  57. ↑ http://www.imocorp.com.mx/Inicio/Estudios/07-06/Presentation_National.pdf
  58. ↑ "Página no está disponible". Univision.com. July 28, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  59. ↑ "El" (in Spanish). Economista.com.mx. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  60. ↑ Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ "El" (in Spanish). Economista.com.mx. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  62. ↑ Jorge Herrera, Arturo Zarate (August 5, 2006). "Precisan recuento: 9.07% de las casillas en 149 distritos". El Universal. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  63. ↑ Defienden Certeza de Proceso Electoral, El Norte, August 8, 2006 (requires subscription)
  64. ↑ "Condenan banqueros bloqueos en centros financieros – El Universal – Elecciones". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  65. ↑ "portada". reforma.com. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  66. ↑ "10 razones para resistencia civil". Eluniversal.com.mx. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  67. ↑ "Nacional | Plantea AMLO: soy presidente o resistencia". El Porvenir. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  68. ↑ "Informe: "Sí se pudo": simpatizantes de AMLO en Zócalo – El Universal – México". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  69. ↑ La toma de la tribuna impide a Fox leer mensaje al Congreso Archived May 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20070129074512/http://news.yahoo.com:80/s/ap/20060902/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/mexico_elections. Archived from the original on January 29, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  71. ↑ "7 de cada 10 desaprueban eventual boicot al cambio de poderes – El Universal – México". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  72. 1 2 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/17/internacional/1158454412.html "The Left proclaims Lopez Obrador as 'Legitimate' President"
  73. ↑ "Rinde AMLO protesta como "presidente legítimo" – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  74. ↑ "Izquierdista Lopez Obrador prepara su 'gabinete'". terra. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  75. ↑ "Requires subscription". Elnorte.com. April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  76. ↑ "Requires subscription". Elnorte.com. April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  77. ↑ "Requires Subscription". Elnorte.com. April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Pone AMLO en peligro paz de México: El País – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  79. ↑ "AMLO no usurpa funciones como "presidente legítimo": PRI – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  80. ↑ La Jornada. "A la mitad del foro – La Jornada". Jornada.unam.mx. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  81. ↑ Emir Olivares Alonso (November 21, 2006). "El acto de López Obrador, por reclamo social, no por capricho: el obispo Vera". La Jornada. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  82. ↑ ""Reprueban nombramiento de AMLO", by Grupo Reforma -In Spanish- (requires subscription)". Gruporeforma.elnorte.com. April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  83. ↑ Calderon signs accord to contain tortilla prices "The accord limits tortilla prices to 8.50 pesos ($0.78) per kilogram and threatens prison sentences of up to 10 years for companies found hoarding corn."
  84. 1 2 "Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries". Bloomberg. January 23, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  85. ↑ Ramos, Jorge (April 13, 2008). "Comisión técnica se rehusa a reabrir cómputo en PRD" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  86. ↑ Muñoz, Alma E.; Enrique Méndez (March 27, 2008). "Ortega sólo podría ganar con trampas, asegura IMO" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  87. ↑ Gómez, Ricardo; Andrea Merlos (April 9, 2008). "Reforma energética, una privatización encubierta: González Garza" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  88. ↑ Zárate, Arturo; Andrea Merlos; Ricardo Gómez (April 15, 2008). "Rechaza el FAP debate de 50 días" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  89. ↑ "Las 6 promesas económicas de AMLO - Economía" (in Spanish). November 15, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
  90. ↑ "Sitio Oficial de Andrés Manuel López Obrador" (in Spanish). March 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, Tim (8 February 2012). "Mexico Presidential Candidates Play it Safe with Security Plans". InSight Crime. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  92. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (26 July 2011). "How Mexican killers got US guns from 'Fast and Furious' operation". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  93. 1 2 3 4 "Andrés Manuel López Obrador: Drilling to the root of Mexico's pain". The Dallas Morning News. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  94. 1 2 Shoichet, Catherine E. (24 June 2012). "Mexican election could mean drug war strategy shift, U.S. officials say". CNN. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  95. ↑ Archibold, Randal C. (July 1, 2012). "Newly Elected Mexican Leader Peña Pledges Transparency". The New York Times.
  96. ↑ "Vote buying alleged, recount demanded in Mexico". CBS News. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  97. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/09/20129102361062341.html

Further reading

Unless otherwise noted, in Spanish and published in Mexico.

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