ANOVA gauge R&R

ANOVA gauge R&R (or ANOVA gauge repeatability and reproducibility) is a measurement systems analysis technique that uses an analysis of variance (ANOVA) random effects model to assess a measurement system.

The evaluation of a measurement system is not limited to gauges (or gages) but to all types of measuring instruments, test methods, and other measurement systems.

Purpose

ANOVA gauge R&R measures the amount of variability induced in measurements by the measurement system itself, and compares it to the total variability observed to determine the viability of the measurement system. There are several factors affecting a measurement system, including:

There are two important aspects of a Gauge R&R:

It is important to understand the difference between accuracy and precision to understand the purpose of Gauge R&R. Gauge R&R addresses only the precision of a measurement system. It is common to examine the P/T ratio which is the ratio of the precision of a measurement system to the (total) tolerance of the manufacturing process of which it is a part. If the P/T ratio is low, the impact on product quality of variation due to the measurement system is small. If the P/T ratio is larger, it means the measurement system is "eating up" a large fraction of the tolerance, in that the parts that do not have sufficient tolerance may be measured as acceptable by the measurement system. Generally, a P/T ratio less than 0.1 indicates that the measurement system can reliably determine whether any given part meets the tolerance specification.[2] A P/T ratio greater than 0.3 suggests that unacceptable parts will be measured as acceptable (or vice versa) by the measurement system, making the system inappropriate for the process for which it is being used.[2]

Anova gauge R&R is an important tool within the Six Sigma methodology, and it is also a requirement for a Production Part Approval Process (PPAP) documentation package.

There is not a universal criterion of minimum sample requirements for the GRR matrix, it being a matter for the Quality Engineer to assess risks depending on how critical the measurement is and how costly they are. The "10×2×2" (ten parts, two operators, two repetitions) is an acceptable sampling for some studies, although it has very few degrees of freedom for the operator component. Several methods of determining the sample size and degree of replication are used.

Calculating Variance Components

In one common crossed study, 10 parts might each be measured 2 times by 2 different operators. The ANOVA then allows the individual sources of variation in the measurement data to be identified; the part-to-part variation, the repeatability of the measurements, the variation due to different operators; and the variation due to part by operator interaction.

The calculation of variance components and standard deviations using ANOVA is equivalent to calculating variance and standard deviation for a single variable but it enables multiple sources of variation to be individually quantified which are simultaneously influencing a single data set. When calculating the variance for a data set the sum of the squared differences between each measurement and the mean is calculated and then divided by the degrees of freedom (n-1). When calculating variance components the sums of the squared differences are calculated for measurements of the same part, by the same operator etc. These sums of squared differences are given by the below equations for the part (SSPart), the operator (SSOp), repeatability (SSRep) and total variation (SSTotal) using the following equations.

SS_{Part} =n_{Op} \cdot n_{Rep} \sum \left(\bar{x}_{i..} -\bar{x}\right) ^{2}
SS_{Op} =n_{Part} \cdot n_{Rep} \sum \left(\bar{x}_{.j.} -\bar{x}\right) ^{2}
SS_{Rep} =\sum \sum \sum \left(x_{ijk} -\bar{x}_{ij} \right) ^{2}
SS_{Tot} =\sum \sum \sum \left(x_{ijk} -\bar{x}\right) ^{2}

where nOp is the number of operators, nRep is the number of replicate measurements of each part by each operator, nPart is the number of parts, x̄ is the grand mean, x̄i.. is the mean for each part, x̄.j. is the mean for each operator, xijk is each observation and x̄ij is the mean for each factor level. When following the spreadsheet method of calculation the n terms are not explicitly required since each squared difference is automatically repeated across the rows for the number of measurements meeting each condition.

The sum of the squared differences for part by operator interaction (SSPart*Op) is the residual variation given by

SS_{Part*Op} =SS_{Tot} -SS_{Part} -SS_{Op} -SS_{Rep}

It is often assumed that special software such as Minitab is required to do the analysis of data and many people carry out these studies just plugging in the numbers with no real understanding of the underlying calculations. Actually the calculations for Gage R&R are quite easy to understand and set up in a spreadsheet such as Excel.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Richard K. Burdick, Connie M. Borror and Douglas C. Montgomery (2005). Design and Analysis of Gauge R and R Studies: Making Decisions with Confidence Intervals in Random and Mixed ANOVA Models. American Statistical Association and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. p. 2. ISBN 0898715881.
  2. 1 2 Richard K. Burdick, Connie M. Borror and Douglas C. Montgomery (2005). Design and Analysis of Gauge R and R Studies: Making Decisions with Confidence Intervals in Random and Mixed ANOVA Models. American Statistical Association and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. p. 4. ISBN 0898715881.
  3. ↑ Muelaner J E (2014). "Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gage R&R) in an Excel Spreadsheet".

External links

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