ATPIF1

ATPase inhibitory factor 1
Identifiers
Symbols	ATPIF1 ; ATPI; ATPIP; IP
External IDs	OMIM: 614981 MGI: 1196457 HomoloGene: 40581 GeneCards: ATPIF1 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • enzyme inhibitor activity • calmodulin binding • ATPase inhibitor activity • protein homodimerization activity • angiostatin binding • ATPase binding Cellular component • mitochondrion • mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex • cell surface Biological process • angiogenesis • negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • heme biosynthetic process • erythrocyte differentiation • negative regulation of ATPase activity • negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process • protein homooligomerization • protein homotetramerization • negative regulation of hydrolase activity • mitochondrial depolarization • reactive oxygen species metabolic process • activation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization • positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway • positive regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process • regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion • regulation of ATP metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	93974	11983
Ensembl	ENSG00000130770	ENSMUSG00000054428
UniProt	Q9UII2	O35143
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_016311	NM_007512
RefSeq (protein)	NP_057395	NP_031538
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 28.24 – 28.25 Mb	Chr 4: 132.53 – 132.53 Mb
PubMed search

ATPase inhibitor, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATPIF1 gene.^[1][2]

This gene encodes a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified.^[2]

It prevents ATPase from switching to ATP hydrolysis during collapse of the electrochemical gradient, for example during oxygen deprivation ^[3] ATP synthase inhibitor forms a one to one complex with the F1 ATPase, possibly by binding at the alpha-beta interface. It is thought to inhibit ATP synthesis by preventing the release of ATP.^[4] The inhibitor has two oligomeric states, dimer (the active state) and tetramer. At low pH, the inhibitor forms a dimer via antiparallel coiled coil interactions between the C-terminal regions of two monomers. At high pH, the inhibitor forms tetramers and higher oligomers by coiled coil interactions involving the N terminus and inhibitory region, thus preventing the inhibitory activity.^[3]

Model organisms

Atpif1 knockout mouse phenotype

Characteristic	Phenotype
Homozygote viability	Normal
Fertility	Normal
Body weight	Normal
Anxiety	Abnormal[5]
Neurological assessment	Normal
Grip strength	Normal
Hot plate	Normal
Dysmorphology	Normal
Indirect calorimetry	Normal
Glucose tolerance test	Normal
Auditory brainstem response	Normal
DEXA	Normal
Radiography	Normal
Body temperature	Normal
Eye morphology	Normal
Clinical chemistry	Abnormal[6]
Haematology	Normal
Peripheral blood lymphocytes	Normal
Micronucleus test	Normal
Heart weight	Normal
Brain histopathology	Abnormal
Salmonella infection	Normal[7]
Citrobacter infection	Normal[8]
All tests and analysis from[9][10]

Model organisms have been used in the study of ATPIF1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Atpif1^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[11][12]} was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.^[13][14][15]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.^[9][16] Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed.^[9] Homozygous mutant animals displayed hyperactivity and brain dysmorphology, while males also had decreased circulating alkaline phosphatase levels.^[9]

Mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor, IATP
c-terminal coiled-coil domain from bovine if1
Identifiers
Symbol	IATP
Pfam	PF04568
InterPro	IPR007648
SCOP	1hf9
SUPERFAMILY	1hf9
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

References

1. Ichikawa N, Ushida S, Kawabata M, Masazumi Y (Mar 2000). "Nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding the mitochondrial precursor protein of the ATPase inhibitor from humans". Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63 (12): 2225–2227. doi:10.1271/bbb.63.2225. PMID 10664857.
2. "Entrez Gene: ATPIF1 ATPase inhibitory factor 1".
3. Cabezon E, Butler PJ, Runswick MJ, Carbajo RJ, Walker JE (November 2002). "Homologous and heterologous inhibitory effects of ATPase inhibitor proteins on F-ATPases". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (44): 41334–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207169200. PMID 12186878.
4. van Raaij MJ, Orriss GL, Montgomery MG, Runswick MJ, Fearnley IM, Skehel JM, Walker JE (December 1996). "The ATPase inhibitor protein from bovine heart mitochondria: the minimal inhibitory sequence". Biochemistry 35 (49): 15618–25. doi:10.1021/bi960628f. PMID 8961923.
5. "Anxiety data for Atpif1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
6. "Clinical chemistry data for Atpif1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
7. "Salmonella infection data for Atpif1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
8. "Citrobacter infection data for Atpif1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
9. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
10. Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
11. "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
12. "Mouse Genome Informatics".
13. Skarnes, W. C.; Rosen, B.; West, A. P.; Koutsourakis, M.; Bushell, W.; Iyer, V.; Mujica, A. O.; Thomas, M.; Harrow, J.; Cox, T.; Jackson, D.; Severin, J.; Biggs, P.; Fu, J.; Nefedov, M.; De Jong, P. J.; Stewart, A. F.; Bradley, A. (2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature 474 (7351): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
14. Dolgin E (2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
15. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (2007). "A Mouse for All Reasons". Cell 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
16. van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism.". Genome Biol 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.

Further reading

• Cabezón E, Runswick MJ, Leslie AG, Walker JE (2002). "The structure of bovine IF(1), the regulatory subunit of mitochondrial F-ATPase". EMBO J. 20 (24): 6990–6996. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.24.6990. PMC 125800. PMID 11742976.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–45. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
• Burwick NR, Wahl ML, Fang J, et al. (2005). "An Inhibitor of the F1 subunit of ATP synthase (IF1) modulates the activity of angiostatin on the endothelial cell surface". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (3): 1740–1745. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405947200. PMC 1201548. PMID 15528193.
• Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature 433 (7021): 77–83. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413.
• Cortés-Hernández P, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Estrada-Bernal A, et al. (2005). "The inhibitor protein of the F1F0-ATP synthase is associated to the external surface of endothelial cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 330 (3): 844–849. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.064. PMID 15809073.
• Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, et al. (2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell 125 (4): 801–814. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569.
• Ma J, Dempsey AA, Stamatiou D, et al. (2007). "Identifying leukocyte gene expression patterns associated with plasma lipid levels in human subjects". Atherosclerosis 191 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.032. PMID 16806233.
• Contessi S, Comelli M, Cmet S, et al. (2008). "IF(1) distribution in HepG2 cells in relation to ecto-F(0)F (1)ATPsynthase and calmodulin". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 39 (4): 291–300. doi:10.1007/s10863-007-9091-0. PMID 17851741.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR007648