AVCHD

AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition)[1] is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video.

Developed jointly by Sony and Panasonic, the format was introduced in 2006 primarily for use in high definition consumer camcorders.[2]

Favorable comparisons of AVCHD against HDV and XDCAM EX[3][4] solidified perception of AVCHD as a format acceptable for professional use. Both Panasonic and Sony released the first consumer AVCHD camcorders in spring of 2007.[5] Panasonic released the first AVCHD camcorder aimed at the professional market in 2008, though it was nothing more than the (by then discontinued) FLASH card consumer model rebadged with a different model number.

In 2011 the AVCHD specification was amended to include 1080-line 50-frame/s and 60-frame/s modes (AVCHD Progressive) and stereoscopic video (AVCHD 3D). The new video modes require double the data rate of previous modes.

AVCHD and its logo are trademarks of Sony and Panasonic.[6]

Overview

File organization on Panasonic and Canon solid-state AVCHD camcorders

For video compression, AVCHD uses the MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 standard, supporting a variety of standard, high definition, and stereoscopic (3D) video resolutions. For audio compression, it supports both Dolby AC-3 (Dolby Digital) and uncompressed linear PCM audio. Stereo and multichannel surround (5.1) are both supported.

Aside from recorded audio and video, AVCHD includes many user-friendly features to improve media presentation: menu navigation, simple slide shows and subtitles. The menu navigation system is similar to DVD-video, allowing access to individual videos from a common intro screen. Slide shows are prepared from a sequence of AVC still frames, and can be accompanied by a background audio track. Subtitles are used in some camcorders to timestamp the recordings.

Audio, video, subtitle, and ancillary streams are multiplexed into an MPEG transport stream and stored on media as binary files. Usually, memory cards and HDDs use the FAT file system, while optical discs employ UDF or ISO9660.

At the file system level, the structure of AVCHD is derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, but is not identical to it. In particular, it uses legacy "8.3" file naming convention, while Blu-ray Discs utilize long filenames (this may be caused by the fact that FAT implementations utilizing long file names are patented by Microsoft and are licensed on a per unit sold basis[7]). Another difference is location of the BDMV directory, which contains media files. On a DVD-based camcorder the BDMV directory is placed at the root level, as on the Blu-ray Disc. On the HDD-based Canon HG10 camcorder the BDMV directory is located in the AVCHD directory, which is placed at the root level.[8] Solid-state Panasonic and Canon camcorders nest the AVCHD directory inside the PRIVATE directory.[9] Following a standard agreed upon by many still camera manufacturers, solid-state camcorders have a root-level DCIM directory for still images.[10]

AVCHD is compatible with the Blu-ray disc format[2] and can be authored without re-encoding on Blu-ray discs or DVDs, though not all Blu-ray Disc players are compatible with AVCHD video authored on DVD media, a format known as AVCHD disc.

AVCHD recordings can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camcorder via the USB connection. Removable media like SDHC and Memory Stick cards or DVDs can be read on a computer directly. Copying files from an AVCHD camcorder or from removable media can be performed faster than from a tape-based camcorder, because the transfer speed is not limited by realtime playback.

Just as editing DVCPRO HD and HDV video once demanded an expensive high-end computer, AVCHD editing software requires powerful machines. Compared to HDV, AVCHD requires 2-4x the processing power for realtime playback, placing a greater burden on the computer's CPU and graphics card. Improvements in multi-core computing and graphics processor acceleration bring AVCHD playback to mainstream desktops and laptops.

Video formats

An example of interlace combing

AVCHD supports a variety of video resolutions and scanning methods, which was further extended with the 2011 amendment of the specification. The licensing body of the specification defines a variety of labels for products compliant with specific features.

Most AVCHD camcorders support only a handful of the video and audio formats allowed in the AVCHD standard.

Interlaced video

AVCHD supports both standard definition (AVCHD-SD) and high definition (AVCHD 1080i) interlaced video. AVCHD 1080i is available on most AVCHD camcorders. For some models this is the only recording mode offered.

AVCHD-SD is used in the shoulder-mount Panasonic HDC-MDH1,[11] as well as on its North American AG-AC7 cousin. A successor model - the AG-AC8, is also capable of recording in AVCHD-SD mode.[12] Several models from JVC like the consumer camcorders GZ-HM650, GZ-HM670 and GZ-HM690 as well as the professional camcorder JVC GY-HM70[13] can record AVCHD-SD video. AVCHD-SD is not compatible with consumer DVD players, because it employs AVC video encoding instead of MPEG-2 Part 2. AVCHD-SD can be played on a Blu-ray Disc player without re-encoding.

Interlaced video had been originally designed for watching on a cathode-ray tube television set. Material recorded for interlaced presentation may exhibit combing or ghosting when it is rescaled, filmed out or watched on a computer or another progressive-scan device without proper deinterlacing.

Some AVCHD 1080i camcorders can capture progressive video and record it within interlaced stream borrowing techniques from television industry. In particular, Progressive segmented frame (PsF) is utilized in some Panasonic (25p Digital Cinema), Canon (PF25, PF30) and Sony camcorders. The 2:3 pulldown technique is used in some 60 Hz versions of Canon (PF24) and Panasonic (24p Digital Cinema) camcorders for recording 24-frame/s progressive video. Most editing tools treat progressive video recorded within an interlaced stream as interlaced, though some editing systems and most standalone Blu-ray Disc players are capable of recognizing the pulldown pattern to recover the original frames using the process known as inverse telecine.

Progressive-scan video

Native Progressive logo (Canon)

Since the very beginning, the AVCHD specification had supported 720-line progressive recording mode at frame rates of 24 and 60 frames/s for 60 Hz models and 50 frames/s for 50 Hz models. Frame rates of 25 frames/s and 30 frames/s are not directly available in 720p mode, but can be simulated with frame repeating, when every frame is either repeated twice or a special flag in the video stream instructs a decoder to play every frame twice to adhere to output rate of 50 or 60 frames/s.

Many of the digital compact cameras made by Panasonic, such as the DMC-ZS3/DMC-TZ7, DMC-FT1, DMC-FZ35/DMC-FZ38, and DMC-ZS-7/TZ-10 offer 720p video recording with effective frame rate of 25 or 30 frames/s in a format called AVCHD Lite (see below).

Until the advent of AVCHD Progressive mode, native progressive-scan video for 1080-line resolution had been available only in 24 frames/s variant. In 2010, Panasonic introduced a new lineup of consumer AVCHD camcorders with 1080-line 50p/60p progressive-scan mode (frame rate depending on region).[14] Panasonic advised that not all players that support AVCHD playback could play 1080-line 50p/60p video.[15] In 2011, this mode was officially included into the AVCHD specification as part of 2.0 addendum, and has been called AVCHD Progressive. This mode uses the same AVCHD folder structure and container files for storing video, with the maximum bitrate of 28 Mbit/s. In 2011, Sony introduced consumer and professional AVCHD models capable of AVCHD Progressive recording. In 2012 JVC announced the GY-HMQ10 model, which also can record AVCHD Progressive video.

Audio formats

Most AVCHD camcorders record audio using Dolby Digital (AC-3) compression scheme. Stereo and multichannel audio is supported. Audio data rate can range from 64 kbit/s to 640 kbit/s. In practice, data rates of 256 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s have been observed.

Some professional models allow recording uncompressed linear PCM audio.

Media

AVCHD specification allows using recordable DVDs, memory cards, non-removable solid-state memory and hard disk drives as recording media.

DVD

Conventional 12 cm disc (left) compared to 8 cm disc (right)

When the AVCHD standard was first announced, recordable DVD was the only recording medium.[2] To reduce camcorder size, manufacturers opted for an 8 cm disc, sometimes called miniDVD. Recording capacity of an 8 cm disc ranges from 1.4 GB for a single-sided single layer disc to 5.2 GB for a double-sided double layer disc.

Pros:

Cons:

As capacity of memory cards grew and their price dropped, DVDs use for recordable media declined. No DVD-based AVCHD camcorders have been produced since 2008. While DVDs are no longer used for acquisition, they remain popular as distribution media. Many authoring programs offer "AVCHD" profile for recording high definition video on a DVD. Such AVCHD discs are incompatible with regular DVD-Video players, but play in many Blu-ray Disc players. A conventional single-layer 12 cm DVD can store 35 minutes of video recorded at the maximum bitrate the AVCHD specification allows for DVD media—18 Mbit/s.

Hard disk drive

Canon HG10 HDD-based AVCHD camcorder

A hard disk drive was added as an optional recording medium to AVCHD specification shortly after the new video standard had been announced.[17] Presently, capacity of built-in HDDs ranges from 30 GB to 240 GB.

Pros:

Cons:

Solid-state memory card

Canon HF100 camcorder with a partially inserted Secure Digital card.

Many AVCHD camcorders employ Secure Digital or "Memory Stick" memory cards as removable recording media. Solid-state memory cards offer rewritable storage in a compact form factor with no moving parts. With transfer speeds ranging from 10 MByte/s to 25 Mbyte/s for most brands,[18][19] it takes about 1 minute to transfer 1 GB of video from a card to a computer for viewing or editing.

Panasonic and Sony chose removable flash memory as the sole type of recording media in their professional AVCHD lineups, specifically AVCCAM and NXCAM.

Until 2010, Sony insisted on usage of its own memory card format - Memory Stick. Since 2010, Sony has allowed using both Memory Stick as well as Secure Digital cards in its consumer and professional camcorders. Panasonic as well as other manufacturers of AVCHD camcorders use Secure Digital cards as removable flash media. Most models accept Secure Digital High Capacity cards (SDHC), while some models are also compatible with Secure Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC) cards, which offer higher transfer speed and capacity.

Pros:

Cons:

Non-removable solid-state memory

Some AVCHD camcorders come with built-in solid-state memory either as a sole media, or in addition to other media.

Pros:

Cons:

Branding

Panasonic and Sony developed several brand names for their professional as well as simplified versions of AVCHD.

AVCHD Lite

AVCHD Lite is a subset of AVCHD format announced in January 2009,[22] which is limited to 720p60, 720p50 and 720p24 and does not employ Multiview Video Coding.[23] AVCHD Lite cameras duplicate each frame of 25fps/30fps video acquired by camera sensor,[24] producing 720p50/720p60 bitstream compliant with AVCHD and Blu-ray Disc specifications. As of 2013, AVCHD Lite seems to have been all but replaced with other formats. For example, the Panasonic DMC FZ-200 offers AVCHD Progressive recording mode (50fps/60fps acquisition and stream rate) as well as MP4 mode (25fps/30fps acquisition and stream rate).[25]

AVCCAM

Formerly known as "AVCHD with professional features,"[26] AVCCAM is the name of professional AVCHD camcorders from Panasonic's Broadcast division. Some of these professional features listed in early Panasonic advertising materials included 1/3-inch progressive 3CCD sensor, XLR microphone input, solid-state media and capability of recording at the maximum AVCHD bitrate - 24 Mbit/s. The aforementioned features are not exclusive to AVCCAM. Moreover, some of these features like CCD sensor technology have been dropped by Panasonic, while 24 Mbit/s recording rate is widely available from rival manufacturers even on consumer models.

AVCHD Pro

Panasonic uses "AVCHD Pro" moniker to describe camcorders like the HDC-MDH1, which combines consumer internal parts and controls with shoulder-mount type body. Panasonic touts that the camcorder is "shaped for Pro-Style shooting in Full-HD" with shoulder-mount type body being "preferred by professionals".[11]

NXCAM

Sony NXCAM camcorder HXR-NX70J

NXCAM is the name of Sony's professional video lineup employing the AVCHD format.[27] NXCAM camcorders offer 1080i, 1080p and 720p recording modes. Unlike AVCCAM, not all NXCAM camcorders offer film-like frame rates — 24p, 25p, 30p — in 720p mode.

Playing back AVCHD video

Recorded AVCHD video can be played back in a variety of ways:

Compatibility within brands

There is a known incompatibility within the Panasonic brand. The original HD Writer importing and editing software, which shipped from 2006 to 2008, cannot recognize the current 1080i format or the newer formats like 1080p50 or 1080p60. The newer HD Writer AE can read the newer 1080i format and versions 2 and higher can read 1080p (in both frame rates).[31]

AVCHD as distribution format

AVCHD disc icon (Sony)

A DVD disc with AVCHD high-definition video recorded on it is sometimes called an AVCHD disc.[32][33] AVCHD discs cannot be played in a standard DVD player, but can be played in many Blu-ray Disc players.[2] Smooth playback is not guaranteed if overall data rate exceeds 18 Mbit/s. It is possible to create simple menus similar to menus used for DVD-video discs.

AVCHD content can also be recorded on SDHC cards and played by many television sets, Blu-ray Disc players and media consoles.

The AVCHD specification does not officially support Blu-ray Disc media, though some software packages allow authoring AVCHD content on Blu-ray Discs. For better compatibility with Blu-ray Disc players AVCHD video can be authored on Blu-ray Disc media as Blu-ray Disc video. Authoring a Blu-ray Disc video title does not require re-encoding of AVCHD audio and video streams. The resultant disc plays in any Blu-ray Disc player, including those that do not explicitly support AVCHD.

Many software vendors support AVCHD mastering. In particular:

Although AVCHD shares many format similarities with Blu-ray Disc, it is not part of the Blu-ray Disc specification. Consequently, AVCHD-playback is not universally supported across Blu-ray Disc players. Blu-ray Disc players with "AVCHD" logo play AVCHD discs authored either on 8 cm or 12 cm DVDs. Players without such a logo are not guaranteed to play AVCHD discs.

The 1080-line 50p/60p AVCHD Progressive recording mode employed in some camcorders, is not compliant with the current Blu-ray Disc specification, though many current player models unofficially support it if they support AVCHD format.

Hardware products

Canon

Depending on model, Canon camcorders offer 1080-line interlaced, PsF, and native 24p recording.

Hitachi

JVC

Leica Camera

Digital still cameras

Panasonic

Panasonic AVCHD camcorders offer interlaced, progressive scan or native progressive recording and combinations of these modes depending on a particular model. 1080-line and 720-line recording is possible depending on a model.

Panasonic AVCHD camcorders use AVC with High Profile @ Level 4.0 for all modes except 1080p50/1080p60, which are encoded with High Profile @ Level 4.2. Maximum data rate is limited to 24 Mbit/s for AVCCAM models, to 17 Mbit/s for most consumer models and to 28 Mbit/s for 1080p50/1080p60 recording modes.

In 2009 Panasonic introduced AVCHD Lite and AVCHD to selected members of its Lumix line of digital cameras:

* to avoid European specific tax, Panasonic digital cameras for this market are limited to 30 minutes recording.

Sony

Consumer Sony AVCHD camcorders released before 2011 could record 1080-line interlaced video only, while the prosumer HDR-AX2000 and professional HXR-NX5 cameras were capable of recording in interlaced and progressive formats.[60]

Released in March 2011, the Sony NEX-FS100 is the first professional NXCAM camcorder capable of 1080p50/p60 recording;[61] consumer-grade HandyCam NEX-VG20 followed in August 2011.[62]

The list of AVCHD camcorders includes:

In 2010, Sony introduced AVCHD to selected members of its Cybershot line of digital cameras.

Software

Codecs

Converters

Editors

The following video-editing software features support for the AVCHD format:

Open Source codecs

The following open source codecs can decode AVCHD files:

Specifications

Video
Subtype High Definition

(AVCHD-HD)

Standard Definition

(AVCHD-SD)

Frame size in pixels 1920×1080

1440×1080

1280×720 720×480 720×576
Frame rate 29.97, interlaced

25, interlaced

23.976, progressive

59.94, progressive

50, progressive

23.976, progressive

29.97, interlaced 25, interlaced
Frame aspect ratio 16:9 4:3, 16:9
Video Compression MPEG-4 AVC/H.264
Luminance sampling frequency 74.25 MHz

55.7 MHz

74.25 MHz 13.5 MHz 13.5 MHz
Chroma sampling format 4:2:0
Quantization 8 bits (both luminance and chrominance)
Audio (Dolby Digital)
AC-3 Compression Dolby Digital (AC-3)
AC-3 channel mode 1-5.1 channels
AC-3 compressed bitstream rate 64 to 640 kbit/s
Audio (PCM)
PCM linear PCM uncompressed audio
PCM channel mode 1-7.1 channels
PCM bitrate 1.5 Mbit/s (2 channels)
System
Stream type MPEG transport stream
System data rate up to 18 Mbit/s (DVD media)

up to 24 Mbit/s (all other media)

File extension (generally) mts (on camcorder), m2ts (after import to computer)
Media 8 cm optical media (DVD)

SD/SDHC/SDXC Memory Card

"Memory Stick"

Built-in hard-disk or flash Media

Specification addendum (AVCHD 2.0)

The AVCHD 2.0 format includes video compression with H.264 Main Profile (MP) and High Profile (HP) up to H.264 Level 4.2.[70]

AVCHD 2.0 adds support for the following recording modes:

Video
Subtype AVCHD Progressive AVCHD 3D (stereoscopic)
Frame size in pixels 1440×1080 1920×1080 1280×720 1920×1080
Frame rate 59.94, progressive

50, progressive

59.94, progressive

50, progressive

23.976, progressive

25, interlaced

29.97, interlaced

Frame aspect ratio 16:9
Video Compression MPEG-4 AVC/H.264
Luminance sampling frequency 111.4 MHz 148.5 MHz 74.25 MHz
Chroma sampling format 4:2:0
Quantization 8 bits (both luminance and chrominance)
Audio (Dolby Digital)
AC-3 Compression Dolby Digital (AC-3)
AC-3 channel mode 1-5.1 channels
AC-3 compressed bitstream rate 64 to 640 kbit/s
Audio (PCM)
PCM linear PCM uncompressed audio
PCM channel mode 1-7.1 channels
PCM bitrate 1.5 Mbit/s (2 channels)
System
Stream type MPEG transport stream
System data rate up to 28 Mbit/s
File extension (generally) mts (on camcorder), m2ts (after import to computer)
Media SD/SDHC/SDXC Memory Card

"Memory Stick"

Built-in hard-disk or flash Media

See also

References

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External links

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