Al-Maʿarri

Abul ʿAla Al-Maʿarri
Born December 973
Maarrat al-Nu'man, Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo
Died May 1057 (aged 83)
Maarrat al-Nu'man, Mirdasid Emirate of Aleppo
School Arabic literature
Main interests
 Poetry, Skepticism, Rationalism, Ethics, Pessimism

Abul ʿAla Al-Maʿarri (Arabic أبو العلاء المعري Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī, full name أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري Abū al-ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaimān al-Tanūẖī al-Maʿarrī; 973–1057)[1] was a blind Arab philosopher, poet, and writer. Born in modern day Maarrat al-Nuʿman, Syria, he studied at Aleppo, Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he nevertheless refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect.

Described as a "pessimistic freethinker", Al-Maʿarri was a controversial rationalist of his time, citing reason as the chief source of truth. He was pessimistic about life describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and isolation. He attacked the dogmas of religion and rejected Islam. He was equally sarcastic towards the religions of Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians. He advocated social justice, and lived a secluded, ascetic lifestyle. He was a strict vegetarian, writing "do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals."[2] Al-Maʿarri held an anti-natalist view, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains of life.[3]

Al-Maʿarri wrote three main works that were popular in his time. Among his works are "The Tinder Spark", "Unnecessary Necessity", and "The Epistle of Forgiveness" which may be considered a precursor to Dante's Divine Comedy. Al-Maʿarri never married and died at the age of 83 in the city where he was born, Maarrat al-Nuʿman. In 2013, a statue of Al-Maʿarri located in Syria was beheaded by jihadists from the Al Nusra Front.[4] Despite controversy about his unorthodox views, Al-Maʿarri is regarded as one of the greatest classical Arabic poets.

Life

Abul Ala was born in Maʿarra, modern Maarrat al-Nuʿman, Syria, near the city of Aleppo, in December 973. At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, and was during the Golden Age of Islam.[5] He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Maʿarra, belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe.[1][6][7] One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Maʿarra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets.[8]

He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox. His later pessimism may be explained by his virtual blindness. Later in his life, he regarded himself as "a double prisoner" which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.[9]

He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Maʿarra and Aleppo, later also in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh.[8][9] This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE when al-Maʿarri was still a child.[10] Al-Maʿarri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al-ghufrān.[11] Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli, Al-Maʿarri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to debates about Hellenistic philosophy, which planted in him the seeds of his later skepticism and irreligiosity; but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.[11]

In 1004-5 Al-Maʿarri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father.[11] Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure.[11] After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Maʿarri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works.[1] It may have also been possible that Al-Maʿarri was expelled from Baghdad for being controversial.[11] He returned to his native town of Maʿarra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.[5]

He remained in Maʿarra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict vegetarian diet.[12] His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town.[11] Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others.[13] He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad.[1] Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area.[5] Al-Maʿarri never married and died in May 1057 in his hometown.[1][9]

Philosophy

Irreligion

Al-Maʿarri was skeptic in his beliefs[14] who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker. One of the recurring themes of his philosophy was the right of reason against the claims of custom, tradition, and authority.[9][15] Al-Maʿarri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.[16]

Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce.[17]

Al-Maʿarri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam, such as the Hajj, which he called "a paganʿs journey."[18] He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom reason provides a moral guide, and virtue is its own reward.[19][20] Al-Maʿarri was still a monotheist, but he held that God was impersonal and that the afterlife did not exist.[13] His monotheism may have contributed to his popularity as people supposed him to be more orthodox than he really was. Today, however, he is often referred to as a heretic among Muslims in the Arab world.[5]

His religious skepticism and positively anti-religious views extended beyond Islam and also toward Judaism and Christianity. Al-Maʿarri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality: if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians.[21] Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated, "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."[22]

Asceticism

Al-Maʿarri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence.[5] In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live.[1] This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time.[13]

In Al-Maʿarri's later years, he became a strict vegan, neither consuming meat, nor any other animal products. In his poem titled "I no longer steal from nature" Al-Maʿarri reflected on these values and taught that we should not take from animals. He wrote:

And do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals,
Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught
for their young, not noble ladies. [...]
I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I
Perceived my way before my hair went gray![15]

Anti-natalism

Al-Maarriʿs fundamental pessimism is expressed in his anti-natalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life.[4] In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life:

Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead,
Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants.[1]

Even on Al-Maʿarri's epitaph, he wanted it written that his life was a wrong done by his father and not one that was done by himself.[5]

Modern views

Al-Maʿarri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the Arab World.[13] In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the al-Nusra Front, a branch of al-Qaeda, beheaded a statue of Al-Maʿarri during the civil war in Syria.[23] The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad.[8] The motive behind the beheading is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family.[23]

Still, Al-Maʿarri is sometimes referred to as one of the greatest classical Arab poets. Some have drawn connections between him and the Roman poet Titus Lucretius Carus, citing how progressive their views were compared to the time in which they lived.[8]

Works

Poem from Luzūmīyāt, read in Arabic
The restrictive rhyme and meter can be heard in the start of poem 197[24]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

An early collection of his poems appeared as "The Tinder Spark" (Saqṭ al-zand; سقط الزند). The collection of poems included praise of notable people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid King Sa'd al-Dawla. It gained great popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armor.[1]

A second, more original collection appeared under the title "Unnecessary Necessity" (Luzūm mā lam yalzam لزوم ما لا يلزم أو اللزوميات ), which is how Al-Maʿarri saw the business of living; also Luzūmīyāt "Necessities", alluding to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.[1]

His third famous work is a work of prose known as "The Epistle of Forgiveness" (Risālat al-ghufrān رسالة الغفران). The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih, whom Al-Maʿarri mocks for his religious views.[10][25] In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period, contrary to Muslim doctrine which holds that only those who believe in God can find salvation (Quran 4:48). Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise, the Resalat Al-Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante[26] which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd's Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi though there is no evidence that Al-Maʿarri was inspired by Ibn Shahayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by Al-Maʿarri.[27] Algeria reportedly banned "The Epistle" from the International Book Fair held in Algiers in 2007.[5][23]

"Paragraphs and Periods" (Al-Fuṣūl wa al-ghāyāt) is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the Quran.[1]

Editions

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "al-Ma'arri | biography – Arab poet". Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  2. ↑ "I No Longer Steal from Nature"
  3. ↑ Britannica Online
  4. 1 2 "Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?". Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Al-Ma'arri – Visionary Free Thinker, The Genius of Disability, The Essay". BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  6. ↑ 1940 أبو العلاء المعري: نسبه وأخباره وشعره ومعتقده، تأليف أحمد تيمور باشا، ص.3، ط
  7. ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine comedy, Routledge, 1968, ISBN 978-0-7146-1995-8, p. 55
  8. 1 2 3 4 "The 11th Century poet who pissed off al-Qaeda | All About History". www.historyanswers.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Philip Khuri Hitti, Islam, a Way of Life, page 147. University of Minnesota Press
  10. 1 2 al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala (2014-01-01). Epistle of Forgiveness: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1954-01-01). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive.
  12. ↑ D. S. Margoliouth, Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Maʿarri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  14. ↑ "Museum of Lost Objects: The unacceptable poet - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
  15. 1 2 "Al Ma'arri". www.humanistictexts.org. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
  16. ↑ Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, page 318. Routledge
  17. ↑ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 3, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.
  18. ↑ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 319.
  19. ↑ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 317.
  20. ↑ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 323.
  21. ↑ Reynold A. Nicholson Adapted from Studies in Islamic Poetry Cambridge University Press, 1921, Cambridge, England. p.1-32
  22. ↑ Cyril Glasse, (2001), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 278. Rowman Altamira.
  23. 1 2 3 France24, Jihadists behead statue of Syrian poet Abul Ala al-Maari, 14 February 2013
  24. ↑ Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry and Mysticism, 1921, p. 134.
  25. ↑ al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala; Gelder, Geert Jan Van; Schoeler, Gregor (2014). The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  26. ↑ William Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain, 2nd edition, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp. 125–126, ISBN 0-7486-0847-8.
  27. ↑ Leaman, Oliver (2015-07-16). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472569462.

Sources

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