Academic regalia in the United States

Contemporary bachelor gown and hood for Smith College.

Academic regalia in the United States has a history going back to the colonial colleges era. It has been most influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate Code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia that is voluntarily followed by many, though not all institutions entirely adhere to it.

Gowns and robes

American academic dress is typically closed at the front and is properly worn with the prescribed cap and hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown, other items, such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.

Bachelor's and master's gowns in the United States are similar to some of their counterparts in the United Kingdom, particularly Oxford. The main differences are that the bachelor's gown is designed to be worn closed and that the sleeves of the modern gown are square at the end instead of pointed[1] as the Code calls for. The master's gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is square-cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening (which before 1960 was located at the elbow as on British gowns), but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (see, below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.[2]

Doctoral gowns are typically black, although some schools use gowns in the school's colors.[2] The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood to remain black in that case. Doctoral gowns have bell sleeves with three velvet bands on them and velvet facing on the front of the gown. The Code calls for the gown trim to be either black or the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate is earned, with the proviso that the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) uses the dark blue velvet of philosophy regardless of the particular field studied. (For example, a Ph.D. in theology would wear velvet gown trim in dark blue, a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim, or either might choose black.) The robes have full sleeves instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a necktie or cravat when closed. They are designed to be worn open or closed in the front.[2]

Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (see, below) may be only those of the degree actually held by the wearer (or one specially prescribed by the institution).[3] The color standardization for the outside shell of the hood as black provides flexibility of use and helps facilitate this practice.

Hoods

The doctoral hood of the California Institute of Technology. Note the blue velvet trim indicating philosophy; for degrees other than the Ph.D., the trim's color corresponds to the subject of the degree being awarded. The interior lining shows the school colors, in this case orange and while.

The hood's coloring and size represents the type and subject of degree earned, as well as the institution from which it was awarded. Though no shape is specified in the Code, American bachelors and masters usually wear the Wales simple shape ([s5] in the Groves classification system) with a split salmon cut; doctors wear the same shape but with “panels” attached to the sides.[4]

Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college or school may 'self-hood' en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony.[11] Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed.[12] The Code also states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood."[2] Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred.[2] Both honorary and earned doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood at the podium, regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony.

Only one hood should be worn at any given time.[12] The regalia indicating the highest degree attained is usually worn, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i.e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear at any given time the regalia, in its entirety, of any one degree earned.[12] The Code does not allow for 'mixing-and-matching.' The one exception is for officers of the academic institution who, while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served, may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution.(see Academic robes, above).[13]

Headwear

William Lyon Mackenzie King in his Harvard doctoral robes in 1919, holding his mortarboard cap in his lap

Headwear is an important component of cap-and-gown, and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear may vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications.

There is at some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation that would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.[12]

Other adornments

A number of other items such as cords, stoles, aiguillettes, representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of some degree-granting institutions. The Code disapproves of their use on or over academic regalia, saying that "shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown."[12]

Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the Code suggests avoiding them, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the Commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here.

Intercollegiate colors

The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume,[15] and accepted by the American Council on Education in its Academic Costume Code.[6] The color assigned to a given hood trim and/or tassels and—where appropriate—gown facings, should be as closely related as possible to the field studied.[16] For example, one who has earned a degree in animal husbandry would wear the maize of agriculture, as no color is specific to the subject of animal husbandry, and it is generally included within the broader field of agriculture. Less simply, mathematics is traditionally among the liberal arts, which are represented by white, but can also be considered a formal science, represented by golden yellow for science.

The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines are as shown below:

Faculty Color Sample
Agriculture Maize
Arts (Liberal Arts), Letters (Literature), Humanities White
Commerce, Accountancy, Business Drab
Dentistry Lilac
Economics Copper
Education Light Blue
Engineering Orange
Fine Arts, Architecture Brown
Forestry, Environmental Studies, Sustainability Russet
Journalism Crimson
Law Purple
Library Science, Information Management Lemon
Medicine Green
Music Pink
Nursing Apricot
Oratory, Communications studies, Broadcasting Silver Gray
Pharmacy Olive Green
Philosophy Dark Blue
Physical Education, Manual Therapy, Physical Therapy Sage Green
Public Administration, Public Policy, Foreign Service Peacock Blue
Public Health Salmon Pink
Science (both Social and Natural) Golden Yellow
Social Work Citron
Theology, Divinity Scarlet
Veterinary Science Grey

The code calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained, not the degree itself.[7] For example, if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in business, the trimming should be drab, representing commerce/accountancy/business, rather than white, representing the broader arts/letters/humanities; if the BA were in economics, the trim would be copper; if in environmental studies, it would be russet, and so on. If the BA were in a language, a subject within the humanities and not otherwise assigned a unique color, the velvet would indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree is awarded for physics, the velvet trim should be golden yellow, representing physics as one of the natural sciences; however, if the BS were in engineering, the trim would be orange, or if in education, the trim would be light blue. The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates: a Master of Public Administration in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for science, not peacock blue for public administration; conversely a Master of Science in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for public administration and not golden yellow for science.

Additionally, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline, which are represented by different colors. For example, history has traditionally been considered as among the humanities, represented by white, but is also considered a social science, which can be represented by golden yellow. This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence - but not determine - color assignment. For instance, a Bachelor of Arts graduate in history might display white, while a Bachelor of Science graduate in history at the same institution could properly display golden yellow, and vice versa. This then can create confusion in the first instance by appearing to display colors based on the degree earned rather than, as stipulated in the Code, the academic field studied.

In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is awarded in any number of fields:

"In the case of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, the dark blue color is used to represent the mastery of the discipline of learning and scholarship in any field that is attested to by the awarding of the degree, and it is not intended to represent the field of philosophy."[7]

The doctorate other than the Ph.D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example, the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Public Health should display salmon pink for public health, not light blue for education, and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for public administration, not salmon pink for public health. The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Divinity (Div.D.) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc.

History

An American student in undergraduate academic dress during the colonial period.

Colonial period

The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles.[17] Students at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and at King's College (now Columbia) were required to wear their "college habits" at all times starting in 1755[18] at Princeton and in 1763 at Columbia.[19] Shortly after the beginning of the nineteenth century, however, academic dress was rarely worn on a daily basis, according to contemporary sources.[20]

Nineteenth century

After the American Civil War, academic dress was generally only worn at ceremonies or when representing the institution,[21] although in some instances the practice has persisted, such as at Sewanee, where members of one student society continue to wear the gown to class.[22]

Although universities that adopted academic dress assigned specific meanings to them, there was no consistency among the various sets of rules. For example, when the University of Pennsylvania adopted its academic dress statute in April 1887 it abolished hoods. Instead, it assigned eight faculty colors[23] that were shown on the gowns’ yokes (the portion over the shoulders).[24]

Columbia adopted an academic dress statute in December of that year.[25] It included the first known American inclusion of the three velvet stripes on the sleeves. Both doctors and masters wore black gowns with sleeve stripes and facing; for masters the velvet was always black, and for doctors the velvet was always purple. Columbia also approved a scarlet gown for doctors’ use on “festal” occasions.[26] Earlier, three stripes adorned the sleeve of a gown depicted in an invitation to Class Day ceremonies at Columbia in 1865.[27]

When New York University adopted its own academic dress in 1891, like Columbia it added the three sleeve stripes but permitted them to be worn in the university’s faculty colors. It also adopted the Edinburgh shape in the ([s4] in the Groves classification system) for its hoods.[28] Although NYU gave up this shape when the Code was adopted, Harvard adopted it for all its graduates in 1902.[29]

Also starting in 1891, Princeton graduates wore a black gown with an orange stripe between the shoulders, making it perhaps the first American gown in a university’s corporate colors.[30]

These weren’t the only pre-Code gowns in America that departed from black. Hampden-Sydney started using gray gowns in 1893,[31] and the University of the South approved gowns for its higher degrees in the same shapes and colors of Oxford. However, since the university at the time conferred only honorary master’s and doctoral degrees, it’s unknown if anyone ever wore the Oxford-style gowns.[32]

Intercollegiate Code on Academic Costume

An American master's gown from 1911 with the slit located at the elbow rather than at the crescent arc and hood in [s1] simple shape.

In June 1893, the trustees of Princeton appointed one of their members, John J. McCook, to look into creating an academic costume that showed the wearer’s degree, faculty, and alma mater, and to discuss the concept with Columbia, Yale, Harvard and other universities with the goal being “the adoption of a uniform academic costume.”[33]

Columbia hosted the meeting with delegates from Princeton (McCook), Yale and New York University attending, and as a “technical adviser” Gardner Cotrell Leonard, whose Albany, N.Y., firm manufactured academic dress. (Harvard waited until 1902 to adopt its academic dress statute, which is recognizable for its inclusion of the university’s nineteenth-century crows’ feet and the use of the Edinburgh simple shape hood [s4]).[34] The meeting took place in either 1894 or 1895 and adopted the Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume on March 16, 1895.[35] The Code was based on Columbia’s existing statute,[36] and prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as eight colors representing fields of learning.[37] The descriptions, however, are vague compared to the descriptions of academic costume in Britain and Europe.[38] For example, no particular shape of hood was specified in the Code (nor has one ever been). The version Americans typically wear is the Wales simple shape [s5] with a split-salmon cut. In the late nineteenth century it was the shape worn by Oxford bachelors; today it is worn by graduates of the University of Wales.[4]

Since 1895, several changes have been made to the Code.

Twentieth century

1932

In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee essentially adopted the Code in whole[39] and changed it in two ways:

1959

A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes. They took effect as of 1960. The significant alterations included:[39]

These changes were approved in March 1959. In April, the Committee approved the use of maroon for home economy. The color has never been included in any edition of the ACE book.[41]

As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many Western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of demonstrating anti-establishment views, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) in the United States. Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies.

1973

More changes were approved by the Committee in 1973, following the “large numbers of requests for advice about academic dress” received by the Committee.[42] The important changes, which first appeared in the 11th edition of the ACE book (published in 1973), include:

The 11th edition also included a contradiction in selecting a faculty color. Since 1960 the color was to be connected not to the title of the degree but to the discipline studied (e.g. a Bachelor of Arts in Music would wear pink, for music, instead of white etc.). That suggestion remained in the 11th edition, but in another paragraph was the opposite direction: “For the hood, the border [i.e. the edging of the cowl] should be white if the degree is awarded in arts (B.A. or M.A.), golden yellow if in science (B.S. or M.S.).”[44]

Doctors had similarly confusing advice. Interdisciplinary doctorates could wear the faculty color of any of a number of fields. “Thus,” the 1973 Code states, “urban affairs may be distinguished by copper (economics), peacock blue (public administration), or another field already assigned ...”[45]

1987

Doctoral degrees were clarified in 1987 when all Ph.D. graduates were to wear dark blue as their faculty color. While this was the most visible of changes that took effect that year, it was hardly the only one, and it wasn’t the only change that involved color. Some of the other changes included:[46]

Rules vs guide

Although readers of the Code may believe it to be an enforceable edict, the current version of the Code points out its permissive nature: “… it is impossible (and probably undesirable) to lay down enforceable rules with respect to academic costume. The governing force is tradition and the continuity of academic symbols from the Middle Ages. The tradition should be departed from as little as possible … ”[2] In addition, the Committee wrote a memo in 1967 that makes the point directly, pointing out that “the general guidelines are as stated and should not be interpreted as supported by highly detailed and hard-and-fast regulations on file in some central place.”[42]

Twenty-first century

Although today in the U.S. academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia, those graduation ceremonies have gained in popularity and have expanded to high school graduations, middle school, elementary school and even kindergarten graduation ceremonies.[47]

Special academic regalia of United States universities

More than 400 universities in the U.S. grant the doctoral degree.[48] Of them, more than 125 use academic dress for their doctors that varies from the guidelines found in the code.[49] Some universities limit their unique costumes for doctors only; others provide it for doctors and masters; some provide it for the upper degrees and bachelors too.

Unique academic dress typically separates itself from the Code’s standards through color. While the Code sanctions black for gowns at the bachelor’s level and above (and grey gowns for the associate’s degree), several American colleges in the late nineteenth century had adopted colored academic dress (see History, above). When the Code was approved in 1895, black became the only approved color for gowns, caps, and hood shells.

As early as 1912, however, uniformity was challenged. Brown adopted mortarboards for its trustees and fellows in the university color, seal brown.[50] In 1938 Yale began using Yale blue gowns for its masters’ and doctors’ academic dress.[51]

In 1950 Syracuse began using orange gowns for its academic officers, but not for graduates.[52] Rochester created a red gown for its president and a black gown with gold trim for some of its officers in 1954.[53] In the next year, Harvard adopted crimson for the gowns of its Ph.D. holders. (Later, all Harvard doctors but the J.D. would wear the crimson gown.)[54]

Other Ivy League universities soon followed suit. Princeton adopted a doctoral gown in 1960 whose shape differed slightly from the Code’s standard. The sleeves were somewhat shorter and they were lined in orange; the gown was black with orange trim.[55] The standard shape was recently authorized by Princeton; both are permitted today.[56] Columbia debuted its light blue gowns for all graduates in 1963, following failed attempts in 1948 and 1958 to adopt colored gowns.[57] The gowns Columbia has used since 1963, designed by Jacques Barzun, have a pair of crowns below the yoke; on the bachelor’s and master’s gown they are embroidered onto a tab while they are embroidered directly into the velvet facing of the doctoral gown.[58] Pennsylvania’s distinctive doctoral gown was first used in 1964. It is red but the lower ends of the sleeves are blue.[59]

Deviations from the Code generally fall into one of five categories.[60] Referring to doctoral gowns, these are:

School Hood lining Doctoral gown Doctoral cap Facing emblem Notes Photo of doctoral robes References
Arizona State University Maroon with Gold Chevron Maroon with Black Velvet Trim Black Tam with Gold Tassel [61]
Bastyr University Cranberry with Ginger Chevron Black Seal of Bastyr University Honor Cords are worn for dual track programs
Boston University Scarlet and White Scarlet and Black Boston University Coat of Arms All undergraduate gowns are also scarlet. [62]
California Institute of Technology
California Polytechnic State University Green and Gold
Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie family tartan Black Black tam with Carnegie tartan trim and gold tassel [63]
Case Western Reserve University Blue and Grey Blue and Black [64]
The College of William & Mary Bottle green and gold with a silver gray chevron Green and black Black velvet hexagonal tam W and M cypher The doctoral gown is worn open and does not have a hood.
The bachelor's gown has bottle green trim on the sleeves.		 [65][66]
Columbia University Light blue with white chevron Columbia blue and black Crown All robes are Columbia blue [67][68]
Cornell University Red with two white chevrons Red with black velvet trim Black velvet with gold tassel University shield [69][70]
The Cooper Union Maroon and gold
Dartmouth College Green Green with black velvet trim Tudor cap Pine tree [68]
Duke University Blue with white chevron Duke blue with black velvet trim Black four-pointed tam Duke Shield [71]
Emory University Blue with gold chevron Blue and gold Blue hexagonal tam Seal of Emory University [72][73]
Fordham University Maroon Maroon, black and gold Black octagonal velvet tam, gold metallic tassel Fordham University coat of arms Gold piping along velvet gown facing and sleeve striping; tam hatband is faced with maroon material matching the gown [74][75]
Georgetown University "Steele" Grey and Navy Blue Navy Blue, with Dark Grey or Purple Trim, Navy Blue or Gold Metallic piping Dark blue hexagonal tam Seal of Georgetown University [76]
Georgia Institute of Technology Gold with white chevron Gold gown, dark blue velvet, white piping along velvet Dark blue hexagonal tam with hatband faced with gold material matching gown, gold tassel Seal of the Georgia Institute of Technology Master's and Bachelor's gowns are black with Seal of the Institute in gold. Bachelor's degree candidates do not wear hood. [77]
Georgia State University Navy blue with red and blue chevrons Ph.D graduates wear navy blue gowns with black panels, Law graduates wear black gowns with purple panels. Black hexagonal tam President's Seal of Georgia State University [78]
Harvard University Crimson Crimson and black Black square tam Double Crows Feet (for earned degrees) Triple Crows Feet (for honorary degrees) The hood is not trimmed in velvet, so the degree discipline is shown by the color of the crow's feet emblem.
[68]
Indiana University Cream and Crimson Black with crimson trim Black octagonal tam University Seal [79]
Iowa State University Dark blue with cardinal and gold trim Cardinal and black with gold trim Black octagonal tam with gold tassel Campanile crest [80]
Johns Hopkins University Gold and black Gold with black trim Black hexagonal tam with gold tassel [81]
Manhattan College White with kelly green chevron
Lehigh University Brown with white chevron Brown Brown velvet with yellow tassel University seal Bachelor's gowns are brown with the university seal, similar in color and design to the doctoral gowns
Loyola University Chicago Maroon with gold chevron Maroon and gold Maroon octagonal tam Gold university seal Bachelor's gowns are maroon with the gold university seal, similar in color and design to the doctoral gowns
Louisiana State University Navy blue velvet, purple and gold satin Purple with dark purple velvet lining Dark purple velvet hexagonal tam with golden tassel The seal of Louisiana State University (golden) [82]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cardinal red with silver-gray chevron Silver-gray and cardinal red Silver-gray octagonal tam none [83]
Michigan State University Green and white Black Black velvet octagonal tam with gold tassel All undergraduate gowns and mortarboards are green
Northwestern University Purple with gold chevron Purple with black front panels and sleeve chevrons Black four-cornered tam "1851" emblem [84]
Norwich University Maroon with gold chevron None- no PhD programs None None Only professors at Norwich wear academic gowns at graduation and official functions. Being a Senior Military College, undergraduates wear dress blues. [85]
New York University Mayfair Violet Mayfair Violet and Black Black octagonal velvet tam with golden tassel NYU Torch logo (designed by Tom Geismar) with year the "1831" [86]
Ohio State University Scarlet and Grey Scarlet with Grey panels Black Tam University Seal [87]
Olivet Nazarene University Purple and Gold Black with black trim Black octagonal tam University Seal [88]
Princeton University Orange with black chevron Black and orange none
[68][89]
Rice University Blue with white chevron Blue and gray Gray square tam with gold tassel Owl of Athena Bachelor's gowns are black and Master's gowns are blue. Additionally, a stole is worn by many to indicate affiliation with one of Rice's residential colleges. [90]

[91] [92]

Rutgers University Scarlet Scarlet and black Black velvet four-sided tam Old Queen's College University insignia Bachelor's gowns may be scarlet and black, black and green, or all black depending on the school [93]
Saint Louis University White with blue chevron Black and black Black square tam [94]
San Francisco State University Purple and White with Gold lining Black Black San Francisco State Seal Undergraduate and Graduate gowns are solid purple

[95]

Southern Methodist University Red and blue Blue with red panels Red octagonal tam with gold tassel University seal [96]
Stanford University
Tulane University Olive green and sky blue Green and black, with white trim Black octagonal tam University "TU" shield [97]
University of Alabama Crimson and White Black with Crimson Piping Black octagonal tam University of Alabama Seal [98]

[99]

University of California varies by campus Blue with gold trim Dark blue octagonal tam none [100]
University of Chicago Maroon Maroon and black Maroon and black velvet tam none [101][102]
University of Cincinnati Red and black Red robe with black velvet trim Red none
University of Hawaii Green and white Green, black, white, and gold none All undergraduate gowns are also green. [103][104]
University of Houston Scarlet with White chevron Dark gray robes with black velvet panels and red trim Black velvet octagonal tam with red tassel Seal of the University of Houston bachelor's and master's degree robes are black with the university seal [105]
University of Idaho Silver and gold Silver with black velvet panels down the front and across the sleeves [106]
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Illinois Blue with two Illinois Orange chevrons Admiral blue and Royal blue with orange trim Royal blue octagonal tam or Admiral blue mortarboard University’s “I Mark” with “1867” text on left lapel [107]
University of Iowa Black and Gold Black with sleeve bars and Yellow Front Panels Black velvet octagonal tam with gold tassel [108]
University of Kentucky Blue and White Kentucky Blue with Black trim UK logo with Memorial Hall [109]
University of Maryland Black with Gold Chevron Scarlet and black Black 6 sided tam with gold tassel Scarlet cross bottony Panels, chevrons, and crosses bottony are trimmed with gold piping [110]
University of Miami Green and Orange Dark Green and Black Black Tam Gowns given by UM are black with blue stripes and a motorboard. Doctoral gowns purchased are dark green and come with an eight sided tam.
University of Michigan Maize with blue chevrons Black with velvet lining in color that varies based on subject of degree conferred Black tam with tassel in color that varies based on subject of degree conferred
University of Nebraska Scarlet and cream Black Black cap and gold tassel ,[111][112]
University of North Carolina Carolina Blue with two white chevrons Carolina Blue with Royal Blue velvet and white piping Royal Blue 6 sided tam with gold tassel Seal of the University of North Carolina Bachelor's gowns are light blue. Master's gowns are black. [113]
University of Notre Dame Gold Royal and navy blue with gold trim Royal blue octagonal tam University shield in gold [114]
University of Pennsylvania Red with blue chevron Red and blue Blue hexagonal tam none
[115]
University of Rochester Yellow Blue Black and Yellow Velvet Trim Blue Hexagonal Tam None
The University of Texas at Austin Traditional orange and white Burnt orange Six-cornered velvet tam UT Tower in gold [116]
University of Virginia Varies by school or college Navy with navy velvet panels and orange trim Navy hexagonal tam Stylized Rotunda logo [117]
Villanova University Blue and white Blue hexagonal tam none
Virginia Tech Maroon with orange chevron Gray with maroon velvet lined with orange University seal in light maroon Bachelor and master gowns are black and has two flaps on each breast of the gown depicting the university shield and motto in maroon and orange. Traditional black doctoral gowns with black velvet facings and stripes are accepted and are available at a cheaper price. [118][119]
Washington and Lee University Purple with blue and white lining Black Black hexagonal tam with gold tassel none [120]
Washington University in St. Louis Green with red chevron Green with black velvet trim Black hexagonal tam with gold tassel none University shield (shape 1) on sleeves at shoulder; undergraduate gowns also green with shield [121][122]
Wellesley College Dark blue [68]
Yale University Blue Yale blue and black Black mortarboard none
[68][123]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 122.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860.
  3. ↑ Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Some Permissible Exceptions.
  4. 1 2 Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), pp. 16-17.
  5. ↑ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods
  6. 1 2 Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Linings
  7. 1 2 3 4 Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Trimmings
  8. ↑ Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Additional Guidance on Costume.
  9. ↑ Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1861.
  10. ↑ Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, Hoods;Length.
  11. ↑ Commencement Guide for master’s and doctoral candidates | May 2015. Accessed 05/26/2015
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Wearing the Costume
  13. 1 2 Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Some Permissible Exceptions
  14. 1 2 Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps
  15. ↑ The History of Academic Costume in America. Cotrell & Leonard, Albany, N.Y., Intercollegiate bureau of academic costume. Printed and distributed for the Intercollegiate bureau of academic costume, by Cotrell & Leonard, 1936
  16. ↑ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Additional Guidance on Costume
  17. ↑ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Historical Overview
  18. ↑ Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 59.
  19. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 82.
  20. ↑ Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), pp. 43-4; Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 60; Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 89.
  21. ↑ Smagorinsky, Margaret (1994). The Regalia of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia (sic). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Office of Printing and Mailing. pp. 5–6. Online Edition. Retrieved: 2011-04-05
  22. ↑ "About - Sewanee: The University of the South". Sewanee: The University of the South. n.d. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  23. ↑ Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 36 and Chart 1.
  24. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, compiler, "Timeline of Developments in Academic Dress in North America," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 215.
  25. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 94.
  26. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 96 and Fig. 2, p. 97.
  27. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 96.
  28. ↑ Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), pp. 10-11, 37.
  29. ↑ Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), pp. 48-49
  30. ↑ Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 11.
  31. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, compiler, “Timeline of Developments in Academic Dress in North America,” Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 215.
  32. ↑ Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 11 and Chart 2, p. 36.
  33. ↑ Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 14.
  34. ↑ Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), pp. 44 ff.
  35. ↑ Robert Armagost, “University Uniforms: The Standardization of Academic Dress in the United States,” Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 140.
  36. ↑ Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 16.
  37. ↑ New York Times. "Gowns for College Men; Academic Costumes in American Universities (1896): Plan to Secure a Uniform Practice in the Use of the Caps and Gowns in This Country So that the Degree of the Wearer, the Faculty Under Whom It Was Obtained, and the Institution Conferring It May Be Readily Seen." Sunday, April 26, 1896.
  38. ↑ William Gibson, “The Regulation of Undergraduate Dress at Oxford and Cambridge, 1660-1832,” Burgon Society Annual 2004, and W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963; reprinted Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); best read with Alex Kerr, “Hargreaves-Mawdsley's History of Academical Dress and the Pictorial Evidence for Great Britain and Ireland: Notes and Corrections,” Transactions of the Burgon Society 8 (2008), pp. 106-50.
  39. 1 2 Stephen Wolgast et al., "The Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume: An Introduction," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 23.
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  52. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 112.
  53. ↑ Stephen Wolgast, compiler, “Timeline of Developments in Academic Dress in North America,” Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 217.
  54. ↑ Nicholas Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 51.
  55. ↑ Donald Drakeman, "'Peculiar Habits': Academic Costumes at Princeton University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 70.
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