Acceleration (differential geometry)

In mathematics and physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of a curve with respect to a given linear connection. This operation provides us with a measure of the rate and direction of the "bend".^[1][2]

Formal definition

Consider a differentiable manifold $M$ with a given connection $\Gamma$. Let $\gamma \colon\R \to M$ be a curve in $M$ with tangent vector, i.e. velocity, ${\dot\gamma}(\tau)$, with parameter $\tau$.

The acceleration vector of $\gamma$ is defined by $\nabla_{\dot\gamma}{\dot\gamma}$, where $\nabla$ denotes the covariant derivative associated to $\Gamma$.

It is a covariant derivative along $\gamma$, and it is often denoted by

$\nabla_{\dot\gamma}{\dot\gamma} =\frac{\nabla\dot\gamma}{d\tau}.$

With respect to an arbitrary coordinate system $(x^{\mu})$, and with $(\Gamma^{\lambda}{}_{\mu\nu})$ being the components of the connection (i.e., covariant derivative $\nabla_{\mu}:=\nabla_{\partial/x^\mu}$) relative to this coordinate system, defined by

$\nabla_{\partial/x^\mu}\frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\nu}}= \Gamma^{\lambda}{}_{\mu\nu}\frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\lambda}},$

for the acceleration vector field $a^{\mu}:=(\nabla_{\dot\gamma}{\dot\gamma})^{\mu}$ one gets:

$a^{\mu}=v^{\rho}\nabla_{\rho}v^{\mu} =\frac{dv^{\mu}}{d\tau}+ \Gamma^{\mu}{}_{\nu\lambda}v^{\nu}v^{\lambda}= \frac{d^2x^{\mu}}{d\tau^2}+ \Gamma^{\mu}{}_{\nu\lambda}\frac{dx^{\nu}}{d\tau}\frac{dx^{\lambda}}{d\tau},$

where $x^{\mu}(\tau):= \gamma^{\mu}(\tau)$ is the local expression for the path $\gamma$, and $v^{\rho}:=({\dot\gamma})^{\rho}$.

The concept of acceleration is a covariant derivative concept. In other words, in order to define acceleration an additional structure on $M$ must be given.

See also

• Acceleration
• Covariant derivative

Notes

1. Friedman, M. (1983). Foundations of Space-Time Theories. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-691-07239-6.
2. Benn, I.M.; Tucker, R.W. (1987). An Introduction to Spinors and Geometry with Applications in Physics. Bristol and New York: Adam Hilger. p. 203. ISBN 0-85274-169-3.

References

• Friedman, M. (1983). Foundations of Space-Time Theories. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07239-6.
• Dillen, F. J. E.; Verstraelen, L.C.A. (2000). Handbook of Differential Geometry. Volume 1. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-82240-2.
• Pfister, Herbert; King, Markus (2015). Inertia and Gravitation. The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time. The Lecture Notes in Physics. Volume 897. Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9. ISBN 978-3-319-15035-2.