Acting

French stage and early film actress Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet

Actors in samurai and ronin costume at the Kyoto Eigamura film set

Acting is the work of an actor or actress, which is a person in theatre, television, film, or any other storytelling medium who tells the story by portraying a character and, usually, speaking or singing the written text or play.

Most early sources in the West that examine the art of acting (Greek: ὑπόκρισις, hypokrisis) discuss it as part of rhetoric.^[1]

Definition and history

One of the first actors is believed to be an ancient Greek called Thespis of Icaria. An apocryphal story says that Thespis stepped out of the dithyrambic chorus and spoke to them as a separate character. Before Thespis, the chorus narrated (for example, "Dionysus did this, Dionysus said that"). When Thespis stepped out from the chorus (year 12 BC), he spoke as if he was the character (for example, "I am Dionysus. I did this"). From Thespis' name derives the word thespian.

Acting requires a wide range of skills, including vocal projection, clarity of speech, physical expressivity, emotional facility, a well-developed imagination, and the ability to interpret drama. Acting also often demands an ability to employ dialects, accents and body language, improvisation, observation and emulation, mime, and stage combat. Many actors train at length in special programs or colleges to develop these skills, and today the vast majority of professional actors have undergone extensive training. Even though one actor may have years of training, they always strive for more lessons; the cinematic and theatrical world is always changing and because of this, the actor must stay as up to date as possible. Actors and actresses will often have many instructors and teachers for a full range of training involving, but not limited to, singing, scene-work, monologue techniques, audition techniques, and partner work.

Professional actors

A professional actor is someone who gets paid for acting. Not all people working as actors in film, television or theater are professionally trained. For example, Bob Hoskins did not have any training before taking up acting.

Training

Conservatories typically offer two- to four-year training on all aspects of acting. Universities will offer three- to four-year programs, where a student is often able to choose to focus on drama, while still learning about other aspects of theatre. Schools will vary in their approach, but in North America the most popular method taught derives from the "system" of Constantin Stanislavski, which was developed and popularised in America by Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and others. The ambiguously termed method acting came about through iterations of Stanislavski's system by Strasberg. Part of this style of training includes actors memorizing lines to be able to work off-book, a term that means being able to work without a script. Other approaches may include a more physical approach, following the teachings of Jerzy Grotowski and others, or may be based on the training developed by other theatre practitioners including Sanford Meisner. Other classes may include mask work, improvisation, and acting for the camera. Regardless of a school's approach, students should expect intensive training in textual interpretation, voice and movement. Although there are some teachers who will encourage the improvisation as technique in order to free the actor of limitations in rehearsal. Harold Guskin's approach or "taking it off the page" as he calls it is steeped in this philosophy. Applications to drama programs and conservatories are through auditions in the United States. Anybody over the age of 18 can usually apply to drama school.

Training may also start at a very young age. Acting classes and professional schools targeted at the under-18 crowd are offered in many locations. These classes introduce young actors to different aspects of acting and theatre, including scene study.

Amateur actors

Amateur actors are actors who do not require payment for performances. Although there are some paid professional actors who do amateur work for multiple reasons. Some may be for educational purposes or even charity events.

Improvisation

Improvisation was created by Viola Spolin after working with Neva Boyd at a Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. She was Boyds student from 1924 to 1927. Improv was created on the realization that adults do not play games. Spolin felt that playing games were good exercises and can benefit in future acting. With improv, people can find true expressive freedom since they don't ever know how the situation is going to turn out. When one continues to operate with an open mind they will have a real sense of spontaneity rather than pre-planning a response. You perform a character of your own making, and with that character and the others working with you, you create a new and spontaneous piece. Improv is also used to cover up if an actor or actress makes a mistake.

Semiotics of Acting

Semiotics of Acting is the actor’s ability to transform into a convincing character in front of the audience. The audience no longer sees the actor as a performer, but sees a character as a completely different being. Once this shift occurs, the actor becomes a semiotic device communicating a set of signs to the audience. A character’s signification can represent a multitude of different meanings to the audience. This may or may not be intended by the actor, who has limited control over how the audience will “read” the character. For example, if the actor is playing a character diagnosed with cancer, the audience may not just see a cancer patient, but may instead see a character similar to other cancer victims or survivors they have known. The actor’s performance, like any text, must be read by the audience.^[2]

However, the actor is judged by giving a convincing and believable performance. The actor’s performance is mediated by particular semiotic signs including facial expression, emotion, and vocabulary. All these examples are known as performance signs. Performance signs are simple codes that the audience must decode during the actor's performance. It is the actor’s job to deliver those codes effectively to the audience. If the audience does not find the character believable, then the actor has failed in their performance. Like other forms of communication, non-verbal or visual clues are tremendously important. Acting teacher Sanford Meisner once said, “An ounce of emotion is worth a pound of words.”^[3] Great actors master performance signs in order to win over an audience.^[4]

Acting involves two forms of communication: intrascenic (communication between characters) and extrascenic (communication between the characters and the audience). Both intrascenic and extrascenic communication must work in order for the audience to read the semiotic signs of the actor’s performance. The characters must have intrascenic skills – “good chemistry” – in a scene in order for the audience to understand the performance.^[5]

The actor represents the text of the script as performance signs. Actors bring the text to life through performance and through the personal qualities they may contribute to the narrative of script. Actors represent the ideas of the text, but also create a new visually dimensioned reality through their performance.

Becoming an actor representing semiotic signs can be a very difficult process. One must understand the performance signs, the audience, and human emotion.

Rehearsing

Rehearsing is the opportunity to practice and create confrontation between one character and another. This is a process created by consistently repeating your lines until they are learned. Rehearsal is also a process in which an actor is able to try new tactics in the scene and find objectives to convey a message. Many actors continually rehearse a scene throughout the run of a show to keep the scene fresh in their minds and exciting for the audience.

See also

• Stanislavski's system
• Method acting
• Constantin Stanislavski
• National Michael Chekhov Association
• Lee Strasberg
• Sanford Meisner
• Ion Cojar
• Ivana Chubbuck

References

1. Csapo and Slater (1994, 257); hypokrisis, which literally means "acting," was the word used in discussions of rhetorical delivery.
2. Radul, Judy. "Excerpt on sign and frame from Umberto Eco, Semiotics of Theatrical Performance". The MIT Press Stable. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
3. Meisner, Sanford (1987). Sanford Meisner on Acting. Random House Inc.
4. Marvin, Carlson (1993). Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the present. Cornell University Press. pp. 500, 502.
5. Yotov, Nayden. "The actor as a semiotic narrator". New Bulgarian University. Retrieved May 6, 2013.

Sources

• Boleslavsky, Richard (1987) [1933]. Acting: The First Six Lessons. New York: Theatre Arts. ISBN 0-87830-000-7.
• Brustein, Robert (2005). Letters to a Young Actor. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00806-2.
• Csapo, Eric; Slater, William J. (1994). The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08275-2.
• Darius, Adam (1998). Acting: A Psychological and Technical Approach. Helsinki: Kolesnik Production OY. ISBN 952-90-9146-X.
• Hagen, Uta (1973). Respect for Acting. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-547390-5.
• Hodge, Alison, ed. (2000). Twentieth Century Actor Training. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19452-0.
• Marston, Merlin, ed. (1987). Sanford Meisner on Acting. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-75059-4.
• O'Brien, Nick (2010). Stanislavski In Practise. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415568432.
• Spolin, Viola (1999). Improvisation for the Theater (3rd ed.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-810-14008-0.
• Stanislavski, Konstantin (2008). An Actor's Work: A Student's Diary. Trans. and ed. Jean Benedetti; intro. Declan Donnellan. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42223-9.
• Thomson, David (2015). Why Acting Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19578-1.
• Zarrilli, Phillip B. (2002). Acting (Re)Considered: A Theoretical and Practical Guide (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26300-X.

·Claudia Springer and Julie Levinson, eds., Acting (Behind the Silver Screen series), Rutgers University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0813564326

External links

• Backstage Magazine – Large website and subscription service for actors.