Adenia

Adenia
Adenia pechuelii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Genus: Adenia
Forssk.
Species

about 100, see text

Synonyms

Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.[1] The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia.[2] The genus name Adenia comes from the Greek aden ("gland"), and was inspired by the prominent leaf glands of most species.[2][3]

Description

All Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, lianas, shrubs, and trees.[4] Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers.[4] Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests.[4] There are some 100 species in the genus. [5]

Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the blade to the petiole.[1] Most species are dioecious.[4] Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower. The calyx of sepals around the base of the flower has five lobes. The five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.[1]

Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish. Individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.[2]

Uses

Several species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness.[6] It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage.[6] A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession.[6] A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.[7]

A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.[6]

The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.[6]

A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.[8]

Toxicity

Many Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA. Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are "amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin".[9]

The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.[8]

Diversity

Adenia fruticosa
Adenia hondala

There are approximately 100 species in the genus.[1][2]

Species include:[10][11]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenia.
  1. 1 2 3 4 Adenia. Flora of China.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hearn, David J. (2007). "Novelties in Adenia (Passifloraceae): Four New Species, a New Combination, a Vegetative Key, and Diagnostic Characters for Known Madagascan Species". Brittonia 59 (4): 308–27. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2007)59[308:NIAPFN]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 30218764.
  3. ↑ Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2004). "Adenia". Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-540-00489-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hearn, David J. (2006). "Adenia (Passifloraceae) and its adaptive radiation: phylogeny and growth form diversification". Systematic Botany 31 (4): 805–21. doi:10.1600/036364406779695933. JSTOR 25064211.
  5. ↑ http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Passifloraceae/Adenia/
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Grace, O. M. and D. Fowler. 2007. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  7. ↑ Zimudzi, C. 2007. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  8. 1 2 de Ruijter, A. 2007. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  9. ↑ Stirpe F, Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M; et al. (July 2007). "Characterization of highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Adenia lanceolata and Adenia stenodactyla (Passifloraceae)". Toxicon 50 (1): 94–105. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.020. PMID 17434551.
  10. ↑ GRIN Species Records of Adenia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  11. ↑ Adenia. Madagascar Catalogue. eFloras.

Further reading

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