Adolf Hurwitz
| Adolf Hurwitz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
26 March 1859 Hildesheim, Kingdom of Hanover (now part of Germany) |
| Died |
18 November 1919 (aged 60) Zürich, Switzerland |
| Residence | Germany, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Fields | Mathematician |
| Institutions |
ETH Zürich Albertus Universität Königsberg |
| Alma mater | Universität Leipzig |
| Doctoral advisor | Felix Klein |
| Known for |
Riemann–Hurwitz formula Hurwitz quaternion |
Adolf Hurwitz (26 March 1859 – 18 November 1919; German pronunciation: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhʊʁvɪts]) was a German mathematician who worked on algebra, analysis, geometry and number theory.
Early life
He was born in Hildesheim, former Kingdom of Hanover, to a Jewish family and died in Zürich, in Switzerland. His father Salomon Hurwitz, a merchant, was not particularly well off. Hurwitz's mother, Elise Wertheimer, died when he was only three years old.[1] Family records indicate that he had siblings and cousins, but their names have yet to be confirmed. Hurwitz entered the Realgymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim in 1868. He was taught mathematics there by Hermann Schubert.[2] Schubert persuaded Hurwitz's father to allow him to go to university, and arranged for Hurwitz to study with Felix Klein at Munich.[2] Salomon Hurwitz could not afford to send his son to university, but his friend, Mr Edwards, agreed to help out financially.
Educational career
Hurwitz entered the University of Munich in 1877, aged 17. He spent one year there attending lectures by Klein, before spending the academic year 1877–1878 at the University of Berlin where he attended classes by Kummer, Weierstrass and Kronecker,[1] after which he returned to Munich.
In October 1880, Felix Klein moved to the University of Leipzig. Hurwitz followed him there, and became a doctoral student under Klein's direction, finishing a dissertation on elliptic modular functions in 1881. Following two years at the University of Göttingen, in 1884 he was invited to become an Extraordinary Professor at the Albertus Universität in Königsberg; there he encountered the young David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski, on whom he had a major influence. Following the departure of Frobenius, Hurwitz took a chair at the Eidgenössische Polytechnikum Zürich (today the ETH Zürich) in 1892 (having to turn down a position at Göttingen shortly after [1]), and remained there for the rest of his life.
Throughout his time in Zürich, Hurwitz suffered from continual ill health, which had been originally caused when he contracted typhoid whilst a student in Munich. He suffered from severe migraines, and then in 1905, his kidneys became diseased and he had one removed.
Contributions to mathematics
He was one of the early masters of the Riemann surface theory, and used it to prove many of the foundational results on algebraic curves; for instance Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem. This work anticipates a number of later theories, such as the general theory of algebraic correspondences, Hecke operators, and Lefschetz fixed-point theorem. He also had deep interests in number theory. He studied the maximal order theory (as it now would be) for the quaternions, defining the Hurwitz quaternions that are now named for him. In the field of control systems and dynamic systems theory he derived the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion for determining whether a linear system is stable in 1895, independently of Edward John Routh who had derived it earlier by a different method.[3]
Family
In 1884, whilst at Königsberg, Hurwitz met and married Ida Samuel, the daughter of a professor in the faculty of medicine. They had three children.
See also
- First Hurwitz triplet
- Hurwitz class number
- Hurwitz determinant
- Hurwitz matrix
- Hurwitz polynomial
- Hurwitz quaternion order
- Hurwitz quaternion
- Hurwitz surface
- Hurwitz zeta function
- Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem
- Hurwitz's theorem (complex analysis)
- Hurwitz's theorem (normed division algebras)
- Hurwitz's theorem (number theory)
- Riemann–Hurwitz formula
Notes
- 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Adolf Hurwitz", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- 1 2 Weierstrass, K. (1988) Einleitung in die Theorie der analytischen Funktionen. Braunschweig.
- ↑ Gopal, M. (2002). Control Systems: Principles and Design, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 14. ISBN 0070482896.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adolf Hurwitz. |
- Adolf Hurwitz at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- LMS obituary
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Adolf Hurwitz", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- Recording of the 2008 "Hurwitz Memorial Lecture" (Prof. Christos H. Papadimitriou)
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