Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
47th President of Mexico
In office December 1, 1952 – November 30, 1958
Preceded by	Miguel Alemán Valdés
Succeeded by	Adolfo López Mateos
Governor of Veracruz
In office December 1, 1944 – April 1948
Preceded by	Jorge Cerdán Lara
Succeeded by	Ángel Carvajal Bernal
Personal details
Born	Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines December 30, 1889 Veracruz, Veracruz
Died	December 3, 1973 (aged 82) Mexico City, Mexico
Nationality	Mexican
Political party	Institutional Revolutionary Party
Spouse(s)	María Dolores Izaguirre (1891-1979)
He was the first Governor of Veracruz to serve a 6-year long term.

Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈðolfo ˈrwis korˈtines]; December 30, 1889 – December 3, 1973) was President of Mexico from 1952 to 1958, representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was one of the oldest presidents of Mexico, perhaps best remembered for granting women the right to vote in presidential elections and stimulating the Mexican economy.

Childhood and education

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines was born on December 30, 1889 in the state of Veracruz. His parents were Adolfo Ruiz Tejada (1859–1889), the governor of Veracruz at that time, and María Cortines Cotera (1859–1932). Ruiz’s father Adolfo Ruiz Tejada died when he was young. Then Adolfo was raised and educated by his mother.^[1]

His mother taught him to write and to read at the age of 3. Later, he entered a school directed by Joaquín Jerónimo Diaz and Florencio Veyro. At the age of twelve he attended the Instituto de Veracruz, where he studied accounting. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines pursued his secondary educational studies at the Colegio de los Jesuitas, which was considered the best school in the state of Veracruz. Adolfo learned from his mentors about liberalism, a political principle he would apply during his entire political career. In addition, he acquired his fanatical interest in baseball there. He always wanted to study at university, but circumstances never permitted him to do so. At the age of 16 he was forced to abandon his formal studies. Finding himself the head of his family, he found a job as an accounting assistant at a commercial clothing enterprise to support his relatives.^[1]

Military career

In 1909 Ruiz read the book "La sucesión presidencial de 1910" (The Presidential Succession of 1910) published that year by Francisco I. Madero, the leader of the opposition against the presidency of General Diaz. This book motivated Ruiz's interest in politics. In 1910 the Mexican Revolution started and he became influenced by several of its main players such as Pascual Orozco and Francisco Villa. Because of this influence, in 1912 at the age of 23 he migrated to Mexico City. During his stay in Mexico City, President Madero was assassinated and Victoriano Huerta took power. Since Ruiz was against the Huerta government, he joined revolutionary forces under the command of Alfredo Robles, the right hand of the revolutionary leader Venustiano Carranza. Robles was in charge of the revolutionary forces in the south and center of Mexico.^[1]

Political career

In 1935 at 45 years of age Ruiz started his political career as the director in charge of Mexico City. It was during that time that he met Miguel Alemán Váldez, a young lawyer who would later become president of Mexico. Five years later the president, Manuel Ávila Camacho, designated Miguel Aleman as "Minister of Government" (Secretario de Gobernación), an important position. Miguel Aleman asked Ruiz to join him as his sub-secretary because of their close relation. This position gave Adolfo the opportunity to obtain influence within the [Institutional Revolutionary Party] or PRI, the main political party at that time. After several years the PRI designated him as candidate for governor of Veracruz.^[1]

Governor of Veracruz

In December 1944 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines became governor of Veracruz. During his administration, he expanded public education in the state. Some of the institutions he founded were the Technical Studies Institute (Departamento para estudios técnicos) which provided people with a practical education that allowed them to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, he founded the Institute of Anthropology and the State Planning Committee, among others. He also modified the local Constitution to allow women to participate in the local and municipal elections. He built roads and bridges to develop Veracruz's infrastructure since it was one of the main ports of Mexico at that time.^[2]

President of Mexico

Internal politics

On October 14, 1951, Ruiz Cortines was named candidate for the presidency by the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The people gave him their support in the polls. On December 1, 1952, he took over the presidency of the republic.

After the corruption scandals of the Alemán years, he wanted to give a new image to the government and re-establish its credibility.^[3] His credo was “austerity and moralization”.

He exercised tight control of public expenditure, supported the construction of roads, railways, dams, schools and hospitals. He also implemented a plan called "March to the Sea," which had the aim of shifting population from the highlands to the coast, and making better use and development of marine and coastal resources. Under this program, malaria was eradicated. He created the Rural Social Welfare Program to improve the living conditions of the rural population and encouraged land distribution. Large foreign estates were expropriated. Furthermore, he implemented the Farm Security program to protect farmers from natural disasters.^[2]

At the beginning of his term, President Ruiz Cortines sent a bill to amend Article 34 of the Constitution, in order to grant women equal political rights with men; this granted the vote to Mexican women.^[3] In order to promote measures to meet the need for homes, he created the National Housing Institute. He gave a stimulus to industry, particularly small- and medium-sized, and laid the foundation for the development of the petrochemical industry and promoted the creation of jobs.^[2]

In response to the technical advances in the field of nuclear energy, and considering that Mexico could not remain unaffected by this development, he created the National Nuclear Energy Commission. Primary and secondary education were boosted greatly. He specially supported the polytechnic university. Adolfo equipped the facilities of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and began subsidies to support universities through the republic.^[2]

Another primary goal of his government was to improve the health of men and women in Mexico. Therefore, he fought malnutrition among children and promoted an immunization campaign.^[2] Ruiz Cortines turned his attention to social problems and imposed an era of austerity on the Mexican government. He modified the law in order to promote responsibility and honesty among public servants since there was a lot of corruption. Ruiz Cortines created a law that forced public servants to declare their assets before beginning to work in the government. Ruiz’s purpose was to compare the public servants fortune before and after their participation in public charges, in order to combat illicit enrichment and corruption.^[2]

Ruiz's government decided to reduce public spending, to consolidate public finances and fight inflation.^[3] This policy allowed Mexico's economy to grow at an enormous rate since for the first time in many years the Mexican government generated a budget surplus. Unfortunately, in 1953 private investment went down and Ruiz Cortines lost popularity. He reoriented his policy towards boosting production.^[2] In April 1954, in the so-called ‘crisis de la Semana Santa’ he had to devaluate the peso from $8.65 per dollar to $12.50 per dollar.^[4]

By the end of his term in 1958 he faced three social-political conflicts with peasants, teachers and the labor union of the railroad workers.^[5]

Foreign relations

During Ruiz's term, Mexico had cold diplomatic relationships with the United States of America, because Ruiz refused to make any agreements that committed Mexico to participate in international wars. During his term Ruiz completed the construction of projects like Falcon dam, built with a 58.6% equity and 41.4% Mexican American funds. In 1956, Ruiz attended a meeting with President Dwight Eisenhower and Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent of Canada. During the meeting, the leaders discussed immigration issues, economic cooperation, civil aviation and illegal fishing in coastal areas. In general, President Ruiz's foreign policy was conservative and respectful of the sovereignty of other nations.^[6] His administration was looking for a closer relationship with Latin America and sought the integration into the institutional system of Latin America, the Organization of American States (OAS).^[7] In the Conference of Caracas, held in 1954, Mexico failed in its attempt to defend the self-determination of the people.^[8]

Post-presidency

On December 1, 1958 Adolfo handed over power to his successor, Adolfo López Mateos and then he retired from public life altogether. In his last days, his friend Manuel Caldelas Garcia, a politician whom he had known in his youth, began living with him at his home in Veracruz. Caldelas helped with household chores and took care of the former president. On the afternoon of December 3, 1973, the health status of Ruiz Cortines became critical. Dr. Mario Díaz Tejeda went to the home to treat the condition of the former president. When the drugs took effect on him, Ruiz Cortines fell asleep. At 9:05 am on Monday, December 3, 1973, Tomás Adolfo Ruiz Cortines died at 82 years of age, a victim of heart failure caused by arteriosclerosis.^[6]

References

1. Fernández, Íñigo (2008). México Contemporáneo I [contemporary history of Mexico] (in Spanish) 1. México, MX: In Pearson Educación. pp. 322–394 [338].
2. Krauze, Enrique (1999). el sexenio de Ruiz Cortines [Ruiz Cortines Term] (in Spanish). México, MX: Clio. pp. 90, 100, 178.
3. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México II. Pearson Educación. p. 286.
4. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México II. Pearson Educación. p. 299.
5. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México II. Pearson Educación. pp. 290–292.
6. Gilberto Bermudez (2006). "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines" [Adolfo Ruiz Cortines] (in Spanish). México: Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
7. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México II. Pearson Educación. p. 293.
8. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México II. Pearson Educación. p. 295.

• (Spanish) Mexican government biography
• Online biography
• Camp, Roderic A. Mexican Political Biographies. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona, 1982.