Adult education

For the Hall & Oates song, see Adult Education (song).

Adult education is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self–educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values.[1] It can mean any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling, encompassing basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner.[2] In particular, adult education reflects a specific philosophy about learning and teaching based on the assumption that adults can and want to learn, that they are able and willing to take responsibility for that learning, and that the learning itself should respond to their needs.[3] Driven by what one needs or wants to learn, the available opportunities, and the manner in which one learns, adult learning is affected by demographics, globalization and technology.[4] The learning happens in many ways and in many contexts just as all adults' lives differ.[5] Adult learning can be in any of the three contexts, i.e.

Characteristics

Defined as the science and art of helping adults learn,[8][9] the practice of adult education is referred to as andragogy, to distinguish it from the traditional school-based education for children pedagogy. Unlike children, adults are seen as:

Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways given that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience.[10] Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated, unless required to participate, by an employer, for example. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers.

In the United States and many areas in Canada, a more general example is when adults who dropped out of high school return to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly mobile positions require at the very least a high school diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her job and go "back to school" full-time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as "second-chance", and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners. Furthermore, adults with poor reading skills can obtain help from volunteer literacy programs. These national organizations provide training, tutor certification, and accreditation for local volunteer programs. States often have organizations which provide field services for volunteer literacy programs.

Purposes of adult education may vary, the general purposes of which are summarized as:

One of its goals may be to help adult learners satisfy their personal needs and achieve their professional goals.[12] Therefore, its ultimate goal might be to achieve human fulfillment. The goal might also be to achieve an institution's needs. For example, this might include improving its operational effectiveness and productivity. A larger scale goal of adult education may be the growth of society by enabling its citizens to keep up with societal change and maintain good social order.[1]

The purpose of adult education in the form of college or university is distinct. In these institutions, the aim is typically related to personal growth and development as well as occupation and career preparedness. Another goal might be to not only sustain the democratic society, but to even challenge and improve its social structure.[1]

Another fast-growing sector of adult education is English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), also referred to as English as a Second Language (ESL) or English Language Learners (ELL).[13] These courses are key in assisting immigrants with not only the acquisition of the English language, but the acclimation process to the culture of the United States as well as other English speaking countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[14]

A common problem in adult education in the US is the lack of professional development opportunities for adult educators. Most adult educators come from other professions and are not well trained to deal with adult learning issues. Most of the positions available in this field are only part-time without any benefits or stability since they are usually funded by government grants that might last for only a couple of years. However, in Canada, professional development is available in all provinces and territories through postsecondary institutions and most Provinces also provide professional development through their ministry of education or school boards and through nongovernmental organizations.[15] In addition, there are programs about adult education for existing and aspiring practitioners offered, at various academic levels, by universities, colleges, and professional organizations.[16]

Principles

The principles of andragogy flow directly from an understanding of the characteristics of adults as learners and can be recognized when we understand the characteristics of adults, and see the way those characteristics influence how adults learn best.[17] Teachers who follow the principles of andragogy when choosing materials for training and when designing program delivery, find that their learners progress more quickly, and are more successful in reaching their goals.[17] The Canadian Literacy and Learning Network outlines the 7 key principles of adult learning. In other words, these 7 principles distinguish adult learners from children and youth.

  1. Adults cannot be made to learn. They will only learn when they are internally motivated to do so.
  2. Adults will only learn what they feel they need to learn. In other words, they are practical.
  3. Adults learn by doing. Active participation is especially important to adult learners in comparison to children.
  4. Adult learning is problem-based and these problems must be realistic. Adult learners like finding solutions to problems.
  5. Adult learning is affected by the experience each adult brings.
  6. Adults learn best informally. Adults learn what they feel they need to know whereas children learn from a curriculum.
  7. Children want guidance. Adults want information that will help them improve their situation or that of their children.[18]

Challenges and motivating factors

Adults have many responsibilities that they must balance against the demands of learning. Because of these responsibilities, adults have barriers and challenges against participating in learning and continuing their education. The barriers can be classified into three groups:

Some of these barriers include the lack of time balancing career and family demands, finances, transportation. confidence, or interest, lack of information about opportunities to learn, scheduling problems, entrance requirements and problems with child care.[20] Other obstacles that prevent adults from pursuing further education are fear, shyness, ego, and stigma. Daily wagers are reluctant to join schools as by joining these schools they lose their only source of income. Distance learning can address some of the institutional barriers such as class scheduling and entrance requirements.[21] Fear, shyness, ego, or stigma can also prevent adults from pursuing further education.

Keeping adults motivated, instilling in them confidence, reinforcing positive self-esteem allows for them to develop into lifelong learners.[22] Typical motivations include a requirement for competence or licensing, an expected (or realized) promotion, job enrichment, a need to maintain old skills or learn new ones, a need to adapt to job changes, or the need to learn in order to comply with company directives. The best way to motivate adult learners is simply to enhance their reasons for enrolling and decrease the barriers. Instructors must learn why their students are enrolled (the motivators); they have to discover what is keeping them from learning. Then the instructors must plan their motivating strategies. A successful strategy includes showing adult learners the relationship between training and an expected promotion, they can be shown that the course benefits them pragmatically, they will perform better, and the benefits will be longer lasting.[23] It is crucial for teachers to be aware of the characteristics of their learners and that they develop lessons that address both the strengths and the needs of their individual students.[24]

See also

By geographic region

Historical

Educators

References

  1. 1 2 3 Merriam, Sharan, B. & Brockett, Ralph, G.. The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction. Jossey-Bass, 2007, p. 7.
  2. ↑ "What is adult education".
  3. ↑ "Adult Education". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  4. ↑ Baumgartner, Sharan B. Merriam, Rosemary S. Cafarella, Lisa M.; Caffarella, Rosemary S.; Baumgartner, Lisa M. (2007). Learning in adulthood : a comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7879-7588-3.
  5. ↑ Fenwick, Tara J.; Nesbit, Tom; Spencer, Bruce (2006). Contexts of adult education : Canadian perspectives. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publ. p. 17. ISBN 9781550771602.
  6. ↑ Spencer, Bruce (2006). The purposes of adult education : a short introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Pub. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781550771619.
  7. ↑ "Adult learning in Canada: Characteristics of learners". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  8. ↑ Spencer, Bruce (2006). The purposes of adult education : a short introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Pub. p. 4. ISBN 9781550771619.
  9. 1 2 Knowles, Malcolm (1984). The adult learner : a neglected species (PDF) (3rd ed.). Houston: Gulf Pub. Co., Book Division. ISBN 0-87201-005-8.
  10. ↑ Bohonos, Jeremy Appreciating the Experiences and Expertise of Adult Students, Journal of College Orientation and Transition 20:2
  11. ↑ Selman, Gordon; Cooke, M; Selman, M.; Dampier, P. (1998). The foundations of adult education in Canada (2. ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Publ. ISBN 978-1550770834.
  12. ↑ Bohonos, Jeremy Understanding Career Context as a Key to Recruiting, Retaining and Best Serving Adult Students. Journal of Adult Learning, 2014, p. 28-30.
  13. ↑ "Adult English Language Instruction". Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Faez, Farahnaz; Valeo, Antonella (September 2012). "TESOL Teacher Education: Novice Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Preparedness and Efficacy in the classroom" (PDF). Tesol Quarterly 3 (46). Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  15. ↑ Council of Ministers of Education Canada. "Adult Learning and Education: Canada progress report for the UNESCO Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) and the end of the United Nations Literacy Decade" (PDF). Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  16. ↑ Nesbit, Tom (Spring 2011). "Canadian Adult Education: Still a Movement". Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education 37 (1): 2. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  17. 1 2 LBS Practitioner Training: Professional development support for Literacy and Basic Skills educators in Ontario. "Principles of Adult Learning". Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  18. ↑ Canadian Literacy and Learning Network. Principles of Adult Learning. Jossey-Bass, 2013.
  19. ↑ Cross, K.P (1992). Adults as learners: Increasing Participation and Facilitating Learning. San Fancisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780783725079.
  20. ↑ Phipps, S. T. A., Prieto, L. C., & Ndinguri, E. N. (2013). Teaching an old dog new tricks: Investigating how age, ability and self-efficacy influence intentions to learn and learning among participants in adult education. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 17(1), 13-25.
  21. ↑ Spencer, Bruce (2006). The purposes of adult education : a short introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Pub. pp. 101–103. ISBN 9781550771619.
  22. ↑ Kunga, K., & Machtmes, K. (2009). Lifelong learning: Looking at triggers for adult learning. The International Journal of Learning, 16(7), 501-511.
  23. ↑ Lieb, Stephen (Fall 1991). "Principles of adult learning: Adults as learners". Vision.
  24. ↑ "Massachusetts Adult Basic Education, Curriculum Framework for English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Education, Adult and Community Learning Services: 9. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

External links

Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Adult education.
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