Affect measures

One common way of studying human emotion is to obtain self-reports from participants to quantify their current feelings or average feelings over a longer period of time. These are referred to as Measures of Affect or Measures of Emotion. Even though some affect measures contain variations that allow assessment of basic predispositions to experience a certain emotion, tests for such stable traits are usually considered to be personality tests.

Measures of General Affect

Affective Slider

The Affective Slider is an empirically-validated digital scale for the self-assessment of affect composed of two slider controls that measure basic emotions in terms of pleasure and arousal,[1] which constitute a bidimensional emotional space called core affect, that can be used to map more complex conscious emotional states.[2]

PANAS

One frequently used measure for general affective states is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS).[3] Participants completing the PANAS are asked to rate the extent to which they experienced each out of 20 emotions on a 5-point Likert Scale ranging from “very slightly” to “very much”. The exact instructions may vary according to the purpose of the study: Participants may be asked how they feel right now or during longer periods of time (e.g. during the past year). Half of the presented emotion words concern negative affect (distressed, upset, guilty, ashamed, hostile, irritable, nervous, jittery, scared, afraid), the other half positive affect (interested, alert, attentive, excited, enthusiastic, inspired, proud, determined, strong, active). The PANAS is usually regarded as a reliable measure for non-clinical populations.[4]

PANAS-X

The expanded version of PANAS is called PANAS-X and includes 60 instead of 20 emotion words (items).[5] The instructions and the answer format are identical to the short PANAS. However, PANAS-X not only measures general positive and negative affect, but also four basic negative emotions (fear, hostility, guilt, and sadness), three basic positive emotions (joviality, self-assurance, and attentiveness), and four more complex affective states (shyness, fatigue, serenity, and surprise). The internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient alpha) for all of these scales can be regarded sufficient (with all α≥.74), that is people report that they experience all emotions that make up one of the scales with similar strength. The manual of the PANAS-X offers further extensive psychometric information.[5]

I-PANAS-SF

The International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) is a shortened version of the PANAS, intended to only contain cross-culturally well understandable emotion words. In contrast to an earlier ad-hoc created short forms of the PANAS,[6] the I-PANAS-FX has been developed in a multi-study procedure including studies with participants from 16 countries. In the I-PANAS-SF, positive affect is measured using the words: active, alert, attentive, determined and inspired; negative affect is measured with the words: afraid, ashamed, hostile, nervous and upset.[7] The I-PANAS-SF is intended for general use in research situations where either time or space is limited, and for international use with participants whose native language is not English.

STEM

The State-Trait Emotion Measure (STEM) is a more recently constructed measure that is explicitly framed to assess emotions at the workplace.[8][9] The STEM assesses stable (trait) and current emotions (state) for five positive and five negative emotions: affection, anger, anxiety, attentiveness/energy, contentment, envy, guilt/shame, joy, pride, and sadness.

As opposed to the PANAS, people filling out the STEM are not only provided the emotion word, but also (1) a definition of that emotion, and (2) several example situation in which that emotion is usually felt from the work setting. Also, STEM assesses stable and current emotions at the same time, i.e. people are asked to mark the extent to which they felt each emotion ″during your most recent day of work″ and separately ″How you generally feel when you are working″.[9] Another unique characteristic of the STEM is that it does not employ a standard Likert Scale that uses the same words to describe the points of the scale. Instead, several points of the scale are labelled with more precise emotion words related to the emotion in question, e.g. the scale for joy uses ″amiable″ as midpoint, ″cheerful″ to mark 8/10 and ″happy″ as positive extreme.[9]

Measures of Negative Affect

STAXI

The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) has been developed as a 44-item questionnaire to assess stable (trait) and current (state) intensity of the expression of anger.[10] Its current version is the STAXI-2[11] which has also been adapted for the use with children and adolescents.[12]

The STAXI(-2) distinguishes between the three modes of anger expression: anger-out, anger-in and anger-control. Anger-out refers to a tendency to express anger through either verbal or physical behaviors. Anger-in or suppressed anger refers to the tendency to hold one's anger on the inside without any outlet. Anger-control refers to the tendency to engage in behaviors intended to reduce overt anger expression.

ARS

The Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) is a measure for the tendency to focus attention on angry moods, recall past anger experiences, and think about the causes and consequences of anger episodes. The questionnaire includes 19 items that assess four distinct aspects of anger: angry afterthoughts, thoughts of revenge, angry memories and understanding of causes. The items that contribute to each of these four scales have been shown to be answered in a highly similar way, i.e. they have high internal consistency.[13]

STAS

The State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) includes 10 items and initially constructed with two subscales: state anger (S-Anger), defined as an emotional state or condition that consists of subjective feelings of tension, annoyance, irritation, fury and rage; trait anger (T-Anger) defined in terms of individual differences in the frequency that S-Anger was experienced over time. The scores on both subscales were found to be unrelated to each other. While responses to all items of the S-Anger scale were found to be equally related to this same scale (high internal consistency), this was not true for the T-Anger scale. The T-Anger scale was therefore divided in two subscales: Angry Temperament – which describes the disposition to express anger – and Angry Reaction, which describes anger responses.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Betella, Alberto; Verschure, Paul F. M. J. (2016). "The Affective Slider: A Digital Self-Assessment Scale for the Measurement of Human Emotions". PLOS ONE 11 (2): e0148037. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148037. ISSN 1932-6203.
  2. ↑ Russell, James A.; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (5): 805–819. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805. ISSN 0022-3514.
  3. ↑ Watson, D.; Clark, L. A.; Tellegen, A. (1988). "Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (6): 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
  4. ↑ Crawford, John R.; Henry, Julie D. (2004). "The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample" (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Psychology 43: 245–265. doi:10.1348/0144665031752934.
  5. 1 2 Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-Expanded Form. Iowa City: University of Iowa
  6. ↑ Kerchner, K (1992). "Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old. The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect". Research on Aging 14: 131–168. doi:10.1177/0164027592142001.
  7. ↑ Thompson, E.R. (2007). "Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38 (2): 227–242. doi:10.1177/0022022106297301.
  8. ↑ Edward L. Levine and Xian Xu (2005) Development and Validation of the State Trait Emotion Measure (STEM) the 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, April 2005, Los Angeles
  9. 1 2 3 Levine, E. L., Xu, X., Yang, L. Q., Ispas, D., Pitariu, H. D., Bian, R., ... & Musat, S. (2011). Cross-national explorations of the impact of affect at work using the State-Trait Emotion Measure: a coordinated series of studies in the United States, China, and Romania. Human Performance, 24(5), 405-442.
  10. ↑ Spielberger, C.D., 1988. Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). , Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
  11. ↑ Spielberger, C. D. (1994). State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI–2). OS Giunti, Firenze, Italy.
  12. ↑ del Barrio, V.; Aluja, A.; Spielberger, C. (2004). "Anger assessment with the STAXI-CA: Psychometric properties of a new instrument for children and adolescents". Personality and Individual Differences 37 (2): 227–244. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.014.
  13. ↑ DG Sukhodolsky, A Golub, EN Cromwell (2001) Development and validation of the anger rumination scale, Personality and Individual Differences, 2001, pp. 689-700
  14. ↑ Spielberger, CD, Jacobs, G., Russel, S., & Crane, R.S. (1983) Assessment of Anger:The State-Trait Anger Scale, in: C.D. Spielberger and J.N. Butcher (eds.) Advances in Personality Assessment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Incorporated
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