African Peer Review Mechanism

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The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) is a mutually agreed instrument voluntarily acceded to by the member states of the African Union (AU) as a self-monitoring mechanism. It was founded in 2003.

The mandate of the APRM is to encourage conformity in regard to political, economic and corporate governance values, codes and standards, among African countries and the objectives in socio-economic development within the New Partnership for Africa's Development.

Origins of APRM

The 37th Summit of the Organisation of African Unity held in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia, adopted a document setting out a new vision for the revival and development of Africa—which was to become known as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).

In July 2002, the Durban AU summit supplemented NEPAD with a Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance. According to the Declaration, states participating in NEPAD ‘believe in just, honest, transparent, accountable and participatory government and probity in public life’. Accordingly, they ‘undertake to work with renewed determination to enforce’, among other things, the rule of law; the equality of all citizens before the law; individual and collective freedoms; the right to participate in free, credible and democratic political processes; and adherence to the separation of powers, including protection for the independence of the judiciary and the effectiveness of parliaments.

The Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance also committed participating states to establish an African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) to promote adherence to and fulfilment of its commitments. The Durban summit adopted a document setting out the stages of peer review and the principles by which the APRM should operate.

In March 2003, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee, meeting in Abuja, Nigeria, adopted a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on the APRM. This MOU effectively operates as a treaty; it came into effect immediately with the agreement of six countries to be subject to its terms. Those countries that do not accede to the document are not subject to review. The March 2003 meeting also adopted a set of ‘objectives, standards, criteria and indicators’ for the APRM. The meeting agreed to the establishment of a secretariat for the APRM and the appointment of a seven-person ‘panel of eminent persons’ to oversee the conduct of the APRM process and ensure its integrity.

Participation

The APRM is a voluntary mechanism open to any AU country . A country formally joins the APRM upon depositing the signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) of March 9, 2003 at the NEPAD Secretariat.[1]

As of early-2012, 33 countries had formally joined the APRM by signing the MOU on the APRM. Algeria, Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda signed the MOU in March 2003;[2] Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Mali and Senegal in April and May 2003;[3] Mauritius in July 2003;[4] Egypt[5] and Benin[6] in March 2004; Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Sierra Leone and Tanzania, in July 2004;[7] Sudan and Zambia in January 2006;[8] São Tomé and Príncipe in January 2007;[9] Djibouti in July 2007,[10] Mauritania in January 2008,[11] Togo in July 2008;[12] Cape Verde in 2009;[13] Liberia in January 2011;[14] and Equatorial Guinea in July 2011.[15] In January 2012,Professor Mohamed-Séghir Babès, the outgoing Chairman of the Panel of Eminent Persons announced the expected accession of Niger and Guinea which brings the total number of states to 33.[16]

Review

The APRM process is based on a "self-assessment" questionnaire developed by the APR Secretariat. It is divided into four sections: democracy and political governance, economic governance and management, corporate governance, and socio-economic development. Its questions are designed to assess states' compliance with a wide range of African and international human rights treaties and standards. The questionnaire was formally adopted in February 2004, in Kigali, Rwanda, by the first meeting of the APR Forum, made up of representatives of the heads of state or government of all states participating in the APRM.

Before the questionnaire was adopted and after the initial plans for the APRM were laid down by South Africa and others, some press reports stated that, after pressure from other African countries like Nigeria and Libya, Thabo Mbeki changed his mind and did not want political governance to be included within the APRM reviews. According to the reports, Mbeki believed that review of political governance was something for the African Union. Jean Chrétien, then president of the G8, sent a letter to Mbeki demanding clarifications and expressing his concern that these AU organs are ‘politicized’ and will therefore not produce credible reviews.[17] In a public letter Mbeki denied the charges and stated that countries would voluntarily subject themselves to review of all aspects of good governance, including political, under the APRM, but that other AU institutions might be more appropriate to deal with some issues.[18]

Types of review

As originally envisaged in the APRM Base Document adopted at the AU Durban summit in 2002, there are four types of review: 1- Base review: This is carried out within eighteen months of a country becoming member of the APRM; 2- Periodic review: Every two to four years; 3- Requested review: Any country can request an additional review for its own reasons; 4- ‘Crisis’ review: Early signs of impending political or economic crisis would also be sufficient cause to institute a review.[19]

However, in practice, it seems likely that only base reviews will be conducted for the foreseeable future: the review process for the first four countries—Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius and Rwanda—has taken at least eighteen months (Ghana) and perhaps up to three years or more (Mauritius), since they were first announced in Kigali in February 2004.

APRM structures

APR Forum

This is the Committee of the Heads of State and Government of the countries voluntarily participating in the APRM. It is the highest decision-making body and could be considered like the board of directors which has the final say over the whole process. They appoint the APR Panel, look after the funding, discuss the country reports, apply the peer pressure and transmit the reports to the relevant AU structures.[20]

APR Panel

This can be considered as the management or the executive of the APRM that directs and manages its operations . They are ‘appointed to oversee the review process to ensure the integrity of the process, to consider review reports and to make recommendations to the APR Forum’ . According to the base document, and repeated in the Organisation and Processes document, its precise mission and duties however are supposed to be outlined in a Charter, which will also spell out reporting arrangements to the APR Forum . However, more than three years after the installation of the Panel, this Charter has still not been written.

The panel consists of 7 eminent persons of ‘high moral stature and demonstrated commitment to the ideals of Pan Africanism’ who, moreover, have ‘expertise in the areas of political governance, macro-economic management, public financial management and corporate governance’ . Its composition should also reflect a regional, gender and cultural balance . The panel members are nominated by the participating countries, short listed by a Committee of Ministers, appointed by the APR Forum and serve for up to four years (five for the chairman) .

Each country to be reviewed is assigned to one of the seven eminent persons, who consider and review reports, and make recommendations to the APR Forum. As of July 2006, the seven ‘eminent persons’ were: Marie Angelique Savane (Senegal), Chairperson; Adebayo Adedeji (Nigeria); Bethuel Kiplagat (Kenya); Graça Machel (Mozambique); Mohammed Babes (Algeria, replacing the original Algerian appointee, Mourad Medelci); Dorothy L. Njeuma (Cameroon); and Chris Stals (South Africa).

On 30 January 2012,former Deputy President of South Africa, Baleka Mbete, was elected at the 16th Summit of the Committee of Participating Heads of State and Government of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APR Forum)to sit on the Panel of Eminent Persons.[21] She is the only sitting representative of a Southern African country, and will join panel members Barrister Julienne Ondziel Gnelenga (Republic of Congo), Barrister Akere T. Muna (Cameroon), Ambassador Professor Okon Edet Uya (Nigeria), Ambassador Ashraf Gamal (Egypt), Dr. Mekideche Mustapha (Algeria), Ambassador Fatuma Ndangiza Nyirakobwa (Rwanda) and the Panel’s newly elected Chairperson, Professor Amos Sawyer (Liberia). Following a decision to increase the size of the body, the APR Forum intends to elect a ninth Panel member at the 17th Summit in June 2012.[22]

APR Secretariat

The Secretariat provides ‘the secretarial, technical, coordinating and administrative support services for the APRM’. It is ‘supervised directly by the Chairperson of the APR Panel at the policy level and in the day-to-day management and administration by an Executive Officer’. The Secretariat is based in Midrand, South Africa, not far from the NEPAD secretariat.

APR Country Review Team

They are appointed by the APR Panel, one of whose members heads the team, and are ‘constituted only for the period of the country review visit’. Their composition is ‘carefully designed to enable an integrated, balanced, technically competent and professional assessment of the reviewed country’.

APR focal point

This is a national mechanism set up by a participating country in order to play a communication and co-ordination role. It should serve, as Ayesha Kajee puts it, ‘as the liaison between national structures and continental ones such as the APR Secretariat and the APR Panel’. It should also, in conjunction with the National Co-ordinating mechanism, ‘develop, co-ordinate and implement the in-country mechanisms of preparing for peer review and hosting the country review team during the review visit’. The precise form of the Focal point is left to the country's discretion, but according to the APR Forum, it ‘should be at Ministerial level or a High-Level Official reporting directly to the Head of State or Government and with access to all national stakeholders’.

National co-ordinating structure

Here the actual implementation of the APRM at the national level happens. The country's self-assessment happens here by conducting, as the MOU mandates, ‘broad-based and all-inclusive’ consultation of key stakeholders in the public and private sectors. In addition, together with the Focal point it should ‘develop, co-ordinate and implement the in-country mechanisms of preparing for peer review and hosting the country review team during the review visit’. As with the Focal point, countries have a discretion as to how this is implemented.

Review process

Preliminary phase or ‘Support Mission’

The country support mission primary purpose is to ‘ensure a common understanding of the philosophy, rules and processes of the APRM’ and to help countries who need support with ‘aspects of the national processes’. The Guidelines further specify what the latter might mean, namely help with ‘institutional and organizational arrangements for involving major stakeholders’ in the review process, with the development of a realistic Programme of Action and with expertise not readily available in the country . In order to do this they will meet with the authorities in the country responsible for the APR process (the APR Focal Point) and with representatives of all the major stakeholders.

Stage one

The first stage is preparatory for both the APR Secretariat and the national authorities. The country in question has to answer a detailed questionnaire, on the basis of which a self-assessment is completed. The APRM Secretariat for its part will make a background study of the country's governance and development. After this has been shared with the country concerned and other partner institutions and after the self-assessment has been made, the country in question will issue a draft Programme of Action . In the development of this Programme that participation of all stakeholders must be ensured, ‘including trade unions, women, youth, civil society, private sector, rural communities and professional associations’ . In the Programme it will suggest a time-bound framework for implementing the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance. After the Programme of Action and questionnaire have been submitted to the APR Secretariat, the Secretariat will draw up an Issues Paper. It is possible that on the basis of this paper the Secretariat will decide that certain issues need a more in-depth assessment (‘Technical assessments’) before that stage two is initiated. If there are Technical Assessments, these can lead to the update of the Issues Paper and possibly the Programme of Action . The APRM Secretariat also makes a suggestion to the APR Panel regarding the composition of the Country Review team.

Stage two

In the second stage the review team will visit the country and ‘carry out the widest possible range of consultations with the government, officials, political parties, parliamentarians and representatives of civil society organizations (including the media, academia, trade unions, business, professional bodies)’.

Stage three

In the third stage the draft report is compiled. This report is based on the findings of the review team during their visit, the background research the APR Secretariat has made and on the Issues paper compiled by the APR Secretariat. The draft is then discussed with the government concerned. These discussions are meant ‘to ensure the accuracy of the report and to provide the Government with an opportunity both to react to the APR Team's findings and to put forward its own views on how the identified shortcomings may be addressed’. The report is supposed to evaluate a country's performance by taking into account the commitments made in the draft Programme of Action. It will also state what the remaining weaknesses are and recommend further action for the final Programme of Action.

Stage four

The review team's report and the final Programme of Action compiled by the Government, is sent to the APR Secretariat and the APR Panel. Then the report is submitted to the APR Forum of participating heads of state and government for consideration and formulation of actions deemed necessary .

It is at this stage that the actual ‘peer pressure’ is applied if necessary. Here the full quotation of the APRM base document (par. 24) is in its place: "If the Government of the country in question shows a demonstrable will to rectify the identified shortcomings, then it will be incumbent upon participating Governments to provide what assistance they can, as well as to urge donor governments and agencies also to come to the assistance of the country reviewed. However, if the necessary political will is not forthcoming from the Government, the participating states should first do everything practicable to engage it in constructive dialogue, offering in the process technical and other appropriate assistance. If dialogue proves unavailing, the participating Heads of State and Government may wish to put the Government on notice of their collective intention to proceed with appropriate measures by a given date. The interval should concentrate the mind of the Government and provide a further opportunity for addressing the identified shortcomings under a process of constructive dialogue. All considered, such measures should always be utilized as a last resort."

Stage five

According to paragraph 25 of the base document the report ‘should be formally and publicly tabled in key regional and sub-regional structures such as the Pan-African Parliament, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the […] Peace and Security Council (PSC) [inaugurated in May 2004], and the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) of the African Union.’. This is when the report will be publicly available.

After the review

A country is then supposed to implement its Programme of Action. Implicit in the whole APRM formula is that foreign donors would kick in here and bear some, if not a large part, of the cost connected to the implementation of this plan of action that is supposed to improve the identified shortcomings in governance. After this base review is concluded, a periodic review should follow every two to four years.

Funding

The APRM is primarily funded by contributions from participating countries, and funds from "development partners" such as Canada, the United Kingdom and the UNDP. The APRM reported contributions of some US$17.3 million in 2007, with US$10.5 million coming from development partners. Many member states failed to meet the minimum contribution of $100,000.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ MOU par. 13
  2. ↑ Communiqué issued at the end of the Sixth Summit of the Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Abuja, Sunday, 9 March 2003
  3. ↑ Communique Issued at the end of the Seventh Summit of the Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) of The New Partnership for Africa's Development, Abuja, Wednesday, 28 May 2003
  4. ↑ Communiqué issued at the end of the Eighth Summit of the Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Maputo, Mozambique, 9 July 2003
  5. ↑ Egypt State Information Service page on APRM
  6. ↑ APRM Country Review Report No.6: Republic of Benin, January 2008, p.1.
  7. ↑ APRM Country Review Report No.1: Republic of Ghana, June 2005, p.2.
  8. ↑ Communiqué issued at the end of the 4th Summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 22 January 2006, Khartoum, Sudan.
  9. ↑ APRM Country Review Report No.4: People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, July 2007, p.30.
  10. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the 7th Summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 1 July 2007, Accra, Ghana.
  11. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the 8th Summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 30 January 2008, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  12. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the 9th Summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 29 June 2008, Sharm El Sheik, Egypt.
  13. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the Eleventh Summit of Heads of State and Government Participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 30 June 2009, Sirte, Libya. The status of Cape Verde is in fact not clear : at the 30 June 2009 summit its accession was accepted in principle, but the signed MOU had not been deposited by the end of the year.
  14. ↑ “Liberia will accede to APRM at the 14th Forum of Heads of State and Governments”, Press Release, APRM Secretariat, 12 January 2011.
  15. ↑ Equatorial Guinea to become APRM's 31st member Wednesday, Afrique en ligne / PANA, 28 June 2011
  16. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the Sixteenth Summit of Heads of State and Government Participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 28 January 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://maep-ua.org//sites/default/files/16TH%20APR%20FORUM%20-%20FINAL%20COMMUNIQUE.pdf
  17. ↑ Canadian Trade Minister Pierre Pettigrew's after the letter of Mbeki: "The six billion dollars is conditional on all Nepad elements, of which good governance is a part -- and peer review is a part of that", reporting by AFP, November 20, 2002; see also Canada insists on Nepad peer review The Namibian, 20 November 2002.
  18. ↑ The text of the letter is available at http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000137/index.php
  19. ↑ Base document par. 14
  20. ↑ Organisation and Processes par. 2.2
  21. ↑ BUA News, SA Government News portla, http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/12/12012912351001
  22. ↑ Communique issued at the end of the Sixteenth Summit of Heads of State and Government Participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism [APR Forum], 28 January 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.http://maep-ua.org//sites/default/files/16TH%20APR%20FORUM%20-%20FINAL%20COMMUNIQUE.pdf
  23. ↑ Gruzd, Steven (29 June 2009) "Africa: The African Peer Review Mechanism - Progress and Prospects" South African Institute of International Affairs (Johannesburg)

Bibliography

APRM documents

Critiques and studies of the APRM process

External links

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