Age fabrication

Age fabrication occurs when an individual deliberately misrepresents their true age. This is usually done with the intent to garner privileges or status that would not otherwise be available to the individual. It may be done through the use of oral or written statements or through the altering, doctoring or forging of vital records.

On some occasions, age is increased so as to make cut-offs for minimum legal or employable age in showbusiness or professional sports. Sometimes it is not the people themselves who lower their public age, but others around them such as publicists, parents, and other handlers. Most cases involve taking or adding one or two years to their age. However, in more extreme cases such as with Al Lewis and Charo, a decade has been added or subtracted. Official state documents (such as birth, marriage and death certificates, the census, and other identity documents) typically provide the correct date.

Although uncommon in modern Western society, it is still possible for an individual not to know his or her exact date of birth. Such an individual may arbitrarily choose a date of birth which after later research is found to be false. This situation should not be considered age fabrication as there is no obvious intent to deceive on the part of the individual.

Subtracting time from one's age is often known in English as "shaving", while adding time to one's age may be referred to as "padding".

Sports

In sports, people may falsify their age to make themselves appear younger thus enabling them compete in world-level junior events (with prominent examples appearing in football (soccer)^[1] and athletics).^[2][3] In gymnastics, diving, and figure skating,^[4] competitors may claim to be older in order to bring themselves over the age minimums for senior competition or below an age limit for junior competition. A female pair skater may be aged up while her male partner may be aged down to allow them to compete together.^[4] In some cases, they may feel pressure to change their ages.^[5] As these fabrications have an effect upon a person's performance (through the greater athleticism of age or greater flexibility of youth), the practice is known as age cheating in the field of sports.^[6]

• Danny Almonte (born April 7, 1987) played in the Little League World Series for his Bronx team in 2001, despite being over the cutoff age for the league. His parents had provided a doctored birth certificate misrepresenting his birth year as 1989. A Sports Illustrated writer discovered the discrepancy when Almonte's Dominican elementary school records gave his correct birth year.^[7]
• American golfer Tom Shaw claimed throughout his career on the PGA Tour to have been born on December 13, 1942. He was suspected by some of being older, notably by Frank Hannigan, who as Executive Director of the United States Golf Association paired him with the then-19-year-old Ben Crenshaw and 24-year-old Johnny Miller, both known as fast players, for the first two rounds of the 1971 U.S. Open for his apparent amusement. As it turned out, Hannigan was right; in 1988, Shaw produced a birth certificate proving that he had been born on the same date in 1938, which made him eligible for the Senior PGA Tour (now the Champions Tour) starting with the 1989 season.^[8]

In the entertainment industry

Age fabrication is common in the entertainment industry. Many actresses subtract at least one year from their actual age so that producers and casting directors will be more likely to hire them for roles, or for publicity purposes. Time joked in 1949:^[9]

To find the age of a star, a Hollywood press-agent takes the year of her (or his) birth, subtracts it from itself, and burns the paper the numbers were written on; then adds last week's fan mail to the box-office receipts from the star's last picture, subtracts her salary, divides the remainder by the number of pressagents assigned to care for her career, subtracts the number of her marriages, adds three months for every child she has had (things grow fast in the sub tropics), and knocks off ten years just for gallantry. If the age is still higher than the one the boss ordered, he works in slight mathematical errors until the answer comes out right.^[9]

Actors

• Gracie Allen, comedian, was notorious for keeping her true age concealed and even her husband George Burns did not know her exact age. Various sources claim she was born on July 26 in 1894, 1895, 1897, 1902 or 1906. Her exact age could not be retrieved by a birth certificate, as it was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Allen herself gave her year of birth as 1906, despite the fact the earthquake occurred three months before her birthday that year. When the 1900 United States Census became public information, the true year was revealed as 1895, which meant she was actually a few months older than her husband.^[10]
• Sandra Bullock's birthdate was erroneously given as July 26 in 1965, 1966, and 1967 for most of her early career. In 1997 Vanity Fair discovered that the correct year was 1964.
• Irene Cara's exact age was a mystery for most of her career, with various sources claiming that she was born on March 18 in either 1964 or 1959. In 2004 the Associated Press retrieved a copy of her voter registration records from Florida, which verified that she was actually born in 1959. Cara vehemently claimed that she was born in 1964, but refused to comment on the voter registration records.
• Charo is sometimes accused of trimming 10 years from her age. In 1977, a Las Vegas federal district court ruled that Charo was born in 1951 and that the March 13, 1941 birthdate on her original Spanish birth certificate, passport, and naturalization papers was incorrect, based in large part on affidavits submitted by Charo's parents.^[11] However, the historical accuracy of a 1951 birthday remains in question. The same judge who permitted Charo to change her legal age issued a near-identical order finding that Charo's older sister Carmen Martinez Molina was 29, not 40 as stated in her Spanish passport.^[12] That order was similarly premised on affidavits submitted by Carmen's parents, who claimed that Carmen was 11 years younger than stated in all Spanish public records. Moreover, a 1951 birthdate is inconsistent with Charo's statements in numerous articles and interviews regarding the dates of her childhood, education and emigration to the United States.^[13][14] The performer did not appear to be a young teenager at the time of her live and TV performances in the 1960s, during which she variously cited her birth year as 1947 and 1949.^[15] If born in 1951, Charo would have been only 15 years old when she married 66-year-old bandleader Xavier Cugat in 1966.^[16] As of 2016, Charo's current IMDb entry indicates a birth date of March 13, 1941.^[17]
• Doris Day says she was born on 3 April 1924, but public records show her year of birth was 1922. Day has attempted to explain the discrepancy, saying that as a young woman she pretended to be two years older so she could sing with big bands. However, US census records show that she was 7 years old on April 1, 1930, and 18 years old on April 10, 1940, indicating that she was born in 1922.
• Mila Kunis was 14 when she auditioned for the role of Jackie Burkhart in That 70s Show, even though the minimum eligible age was 18. She apparently explained that she was not yet 18, but not that she was 14. She was cast in the role anyway.
• Al Lewis, actor from The Munsters, is reported by various sources to have been born on April 30 in either 1910 or 1923. Shortly after Lewis' death, his son claimed that he was actually born in 1923.^[18] This contradicts Lewis' own statement that he was born in 1910.^[19] Lewis claimed to have graduated from high school in 1927 and to have earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1941,^[20] but research by Dan Barry of the New York Times failed to reveal evidence of either.^[21] In April 2006, Lewis' listing on the Social Security Death Index gave his date of birth as April 30, 1923.^[22]
• Traci Lords, born on May 7, 1968, claimed for the purpose of being eligible to act in pornographic films that she was born in 1964. On July 18, 1986 it was discovered that she had only recently turned 18, and that most of her pornographic films had been made while she was under age.^[23]
• Sean Paul Lockhart, better known as gay adult film actor and director Brent Corrigan, began modeling in pornographic productions prior to turning 18 years old. A porn producer fabricated Lockhart's age to allow him to appear nude in porn films. Lockhart continued to perform in and direct adult entertainment after turning 18.
• Simon Oakland, a prolific character actor, claimed in media interviews to have been born in 1922, a date repeated in his New York Times obituary.^[24] Vital records indicate his actual year of birth was 1915.^[25]
• Katie Redford was announced January 2015 as the new 19-year-old actress playing 14-year-old Bethany Platt in the ITV serial drama Coronation Street. Online discussion and research quickly revealed that Redford was actually 25 years old, and ITV announced that the role would now be recast with an actress closer to the character's age.^[26]
• Amanda Redman gave her date of birth as August 12, 1959 for many years, and gave interviews in 2009 about turning 50. A newspaper revealed she was actually about to turn 52, having been born 1957 not 1959.^[27]
• Riley Weston, a writer and actress for Felicity, claimed that she was an 18-year-old when she began on the show. After it was discovered Weston was actually 32, she issued a public apology.^[28]

Musicians

• Anastacia (born September 17, 1968) shaved four years off her age when she first signed a record deal, and came clean in August 2008 when she turned 40.^[29]

• Laura Branigan's obituaries (2004) reported that she was born in 1957. Media reports in the 1970s indicated her birth year was 1955, and circumstantial evidence suggests her actual year of birth was 1952.^[30]

• Paloma Faith has been accused of age fabrication after claiming to be born in 1985 early in her career. She later admitted to having been born in 1981 after her birth certificate was revealed online.^[31][32]

• Amanda Lear showed a journalist an identity card in 2010 which says she was born in November 1950, and previously said she was born in 1946. More reliable and credible public records show she was born in November 1939. UK marriage records confirm she was married there on 11 December 1965, which is unlikely to have been a month after her 15th birthday. Lear is known or suspected to have obscured or fabricated other facts of her life, including her birth gender, ethnic origin, place of birth, and her parent's names and nationalities.

• Jay Sean claims to have been born in 1981, but British birth records and his schooling history indicate he was born in 1979.

• Sinitta claims to have been born in 1968, but her personal history^[33] and persuasive evidence, including a birth certificate published in The Sun in September 2013 indicate that she was born on 19 October 1963.

• Toni Tennille, half of the husband-and-wife duo Captain & Tennille, born May 8, 1940, was encouraged by her record label to shave five years off her age because the label was concerned that a 35-year-old starting a recording career would be seen as unusual. She compromised by using 1943 as her birth year, which has appeared in numerous sources. Tennille herself corrected the error in a 2006 entry on her blog, in which she also confirmed that she had married her musical partner Daryl Dragon on November 11, 1975 instead of February 14 in the same year.^[34]

• Jazz violinist Joe Venuti was known for providing conflicting information regarding his date of birth, claiming to have been born as early as 1894 and as late as 1906; music writer Gary Giddins said that "depending on which reference book you consult, (Venuti's age when he died in 1978) was eighty-four, eighty-two, eighty, seventy-five, seventy-four, or seventy-two."^[35]

In politics

• Joseph Stalin, born December 18 (December 6 OS), 1878, changed the date to December 21, 1879 later in his life for unknown reasons. The December 18, 1878 birth date is maintained by his birth registry, his school leaving certificate, his extensive tsarist Russia police file, and all other surviving pre-revolution documents. Russian playwright and historian Edward Radzinski argues in his book, Stalin, that Stalin changed the year to 1879 to have a national birthday celebration of his 50th birthday. He could not do it in 1928 because his rule was not absolute enough. The incorrect December 21, 1879 date was printed in many almanacs and encyclopaedia during Stalin's reign and remains one of the most widely reported incorrect dates of birth.^[36]
• Eva Perón, born May 7, 1919, had her birth certificate altered to 1922 after becoming First Lady of Argentina. She made herself seem to be younger and also to appear that her parents had been married when she was born.^[37]

Conscription

There are many stories of men lying about their age to join the armed forces, for example to fight in World War I.^[38] Conversely, those wishing to avoid conscription may also falsify their age: the birthdate of Henryk Gulbinowicz, Bishop Emeritus of Wroclaw, Poland and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was changed from 1923 to 1928 by his parents and his parish priest to prevent him from being conscripted during World War II.^[39]

Others

• While official records of film producer S. S. Vasan show his date of birth as 10 March 1903, according to his family he was actually born on 4 January 1904. Film historian Randor Guy suggested in 2003 that, as with many families in that period, Vasan's date of birth could have been deliberately fabricated to help in his school admission. The 1904 date of birth entered Vasan's SSLC book, and has remained his official date of birth since.^[40]
• Kalpana Chawla, the first woman of Indian origin to go into space, was born on 17 March 1962. But her official date of birth was changed to 1 July 1961 to enable her to enroll early in school.^[41][42]

Notes

1. "Forever young: Nigerian football's age-old problem". The Guardian. February 21, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
2. Amok, Isa (2006-08-10). Age cheating as serious as doping, says IAAF. ESPN. Retrieved on April 9, 2011.
3. Bhugaloo, Sandesh (2009-11-09). Age cheating rampant in African football. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Retrieved on April 9, 2011.
4. "China eyed over 9 athletes' ages". ESPN. Associated Press. February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
5. 改年齡在中國體壇才能生存 [Changing age to survive in Chinese sports] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
6. Tang, Yue (2010-07-29). Chinese athletics officials: No more age cheats. China Daily. Retrieved on April 9, 2011.
7. Little League investigating: SI uncovers document that disputes Almonte's age. AP. August 27, 2001.
8. Feinstein, John (2000). The Majors: In Pursuit of Golf's Holy Grail. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 199. ISBN 0-316-27795-9.
9. "Elizabeth Taylor: Star Rising". Time. August 22, 1949. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
10. "Ancestry of Gracie Allen". Genealogy.com. July 18, 2002. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
11. "Playful and ageless, Charo a sultry sensation still", Las Vegas Sun, July 20, 2009
12. "Charo, Sister 'Younger'" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 10, 1977
13. "Charo: She's more than just miss 'Cuchi, Cuchi'", Napa Valley Register, September 8, 2010
14. "Charo: Beyond 'cuchi cuchi', San Luis Obispo Tribune, March 29, 2012
15. "These stars keep tight rein on real ages", The Pittsburgh Press, August 9, 1986
16. Powell, Larry (Feb 7, 1999). "Exact age for Charo leaves plenty of wiggle room". The Dallas Morning News. pp. 38A.
17. "IMDb Bio Page", Retrieved 12 July 2015.
18. AP. Actor 'Grandpa Munster' Al Lewis Dies. February 5, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2006.
19. Shadow interview with Al Lewis. Retrieved February 6, 2006.
20. Syracuse New Times. Al Lewis runs for Governor. 1998. Retrieved February 6, 2006.
21. New York Times. Hey, Whose Grandpa Didn't Tell Some Tales? by Dan Barry. February 11, 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
22. Social Security Death Index Interactive Search. Hosted by RootsWeb.
23. Krajicek, David. "A Porn Star Is Born". Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008. Roger had provided Nora with fake identification that added 5 years to her age.
24. "Simon Oakland, 61, Actor who starred in 3 TV series, dies". New York Times. 1 September 1983. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
25. "California Death Index, 1940-1997". FamilySearch. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
26. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a622475/coronation-street-to-recast-bethany-platt-role-as-katie-redford-dropped.html#~p1OQEYXFrTHMDG
27. Goslett, Miles; Tapper, James (August 10, 2009). "Amanda Redman says she is dreading turning 50. Well, it's a bit late for that – as her 1957 birth certificate proves". Daily Mail (London).
28. Studio Briefing. News Share. October 16, 1998
29. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/anastacias-lies-about-her-age_1078336
30. Johnson, Richard (24 August 2015). "Laura Branigan was 52, not 47, when she died". Page Six. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
31. Edwards, Natalie (13 October 2013). "Paloma Faith's SECRET MARRIAGE - she kept that VERY quiet". Mirror. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
32. "Paloma Faith confronts claims she lies about her age and opens up about her secret marriage". Metro. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
33. http://www.entertainmentwise.com/photos/64223/2/Simon-Cowells-Ex-Girlfriend-Sinitta-Lied-About-Her-Age
34. Toni Tennille (June 17, 2006). "Toni's Take: Toni's Thoughts on Life, Music and Whatever...". CaptainandTennille.net. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2007. (scroll down to June 17, 2006 entry)
35. "A Penchant for Mayhem", by Gary Giddins, originally published in The Village Voice, August 1978; reprinted in "Riding on a Blue Note: Jazz & American Pop", Oxford University Press, 1981
36. When was Stalin born?. Classical Values. Retrieved February 6, 2006. State and Power in Russia: Prominent Figures. Retrieved February 6, 2006.
37. Evita: The Real Life of Eva Peron by Nicholas Fraser and Maryssa Navarro
38. Recruitment into the British army of 1914–1918
39. "Polish cardinal found 5 years older than official listing; ineligible for papal conclave". Catholic World News, February 3, 2005.
40. http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm
41. http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/a-sky-full-of-stars-kalpana-chawla-nasa-jean-pierre-harrison-columbia-shuttle-disaster-indian-astronaut-karnal-1454330225.html
42. http://harrisonpublishing.net/pdf/book/kalpana_book.1.1.pdf

References

• State of California. California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California.
• State of Texas. Texas Birth Index (1903–1997). Texas Department of State Health Services.
• Dawn of a New Age Baseball America, July 8, 2002. Chart of nearly 300 players found to have falsely recorded ages.