Agrocybe praecox

Agrocybe praecox
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Agrocybe
Species: A. praecox
Binomial name
Agrocybe praecox
(Pers.) Fayod
Agrocybe praecox
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list

Mycological characteristics

gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is adnexed
stipe has a ring
spore print is brown
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: edible

Agrocybe praecox is a species of brown-spored edible mushroom which appears early in the year in woods, gardens and fields. According to modern taxonomic analysis it is just one of a cluster of closely similar species which are often referred to as the Agrocybe praecox complex. It is found in Europe, North Africa and North America.

Description

A. praecox belongs to a group of species which are difficult to distinguish consistently. The following description combines several references.[1][2][3][4]

Taxonomy and Related Species

The mushroom was first described by Persoon in 1800 as Agaricus praecox. In 1889 Fayod devised the new genus Agrocybe and made A. praecox the type species.[5]

The Latin epithet praecox "early" is related to the word "precocious" and refers to the fact that this species often appears early in the year.

A 1990 study by Timothy Flynn and O. K. Miller finds that A. praecox is one of four species which are indistinguishable using superficial characteristics but which can be separated through their habitat and location.[6][7] If this proposal is accepted, the cluster consists of A. molesta and three other species which do not yet have proper names, but which are referred to as "Flynn & Miller Species I - III". The three provisional species correspond to the older names A. acericola, A. elatella, A. praecox, and A. sphaleromorpha combined; and their synonyms.[3][8] According to the traditional system, various detailed morphological characteristics can be used to choose between the species, but such is variation amongst individuals that it is difficult to achieve a consistent identification in this way.

The following table summarizes the names of species which are closely related to A. praecox. Note that Index Fungorum has been used as a reference throughout.[5]

Species, author & date Description & References Relation to A. praecox
Agrocybe acericola (Peck) Singer (1950) Found on woody debris in hardwood forests, cap yellow-brown, often veined or wrinkled in the centre. May be the same as Flynn & Miller Species III.[9] Not distinguished from A. praecox in Funga Nordica.[3]
Agrocybe dura (Bolton) Singer (1936) This is a synonym of A. molesta (the name A. dura is preferred by Funga Nordica).[1][2][3] See A. molesta.
Agrocybe elatella (P. Karst.) Vesterh. (1989) (= A. paludosa) Grows amongst moss in marshes and fens. Smaller with more slender stipe, hygrophanous, stem not bulbous.[2][3][4]
Agrocybe gibberosa (Fr.) Fayod (1889) Synonym of A. praecox.[3][10] Same.
Agrocybe molesta (Lasch) Singer (1978) (= A. dura) This is certainly a distinct species which grows in grass,[1][2][3] but according to Flynn & Miller it is part of the A. praecox complex, and the only species which gets its nutrition from grass (rather than wood chips).[6][7] It is bigger and fleshier than A. praecox,[1][2][4] the cap surface develops superficial cracks[1][2][3][4] and the spores are somewhat bigger.[1][3]
Agrocybe paludosa (J.E. Lange) Kühner & Romagn. (1953) This is a synonym of A. elatella.[2][3] See A. elatella.
Agrocybe sphaleromorpha (Bull.) Fayod (1889) Not distinguished from A. praecox in Funga Nordica[3] Smaller, having a bulbous stipe, found in pasture.[1][2][4]
Flynn & Miller Species I (1990) Temporary name for first proposed new species.[6] Grows in gardens on wood chip mulch.[7][8]
Flynn & Miller Species II (1990) Temporary name for second proposed new species.[6] Grows on wood litter in coniferous or aspen forests in western North America.[7][8]
Flynn & Miller Species III (1990) Temporary name for third proposed new species.[6] Grows on wood litter in broadleaf forests (especially with maples) in eastern North America. May be the same as A. acericola.[7][8]

General

It occurs in North America,[7] Europe and North Africa.[2]

Together with the closely related species it is edible, but according to most reports not to be recommended. For instance one French site says that it is more or less bitter and because of this characteristic and its soft consistency, it is best left aside.[11] Another site says that it is edible but needs to be well cooked.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 262. ISBN 0-340-39935-X.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994). Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 360. ISBN 2-603-00953-2. Also available in English.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Henning Knudsen & Jan Vesterhout (2008). Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 828.. Here A. praecox is admitted to be a complex of species including A. acericola and A. sphaleromorpha.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 See Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. 15a Eccleston Square, London: Roger Phillips. p. 290. ISBN 0-9508486-0-3.
  5. 1 2 For instance, search Species Fungorum with genus name = "Agrocybe" to find the related species. A. praecox is here.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Timothy Flynn, O. K. Miller (1990). "Biosystematics of Agrocybe molesta and sibling species allied to Agrocybe praecox in North America and Europe". Mycological Research 94: 1103–1110. doi:10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81341-5. A synopsis is available online at the Science direct site.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kuo, M. (2006, September). Agrocybe praecox. See the MushroomExpert.Com article.
  8. 1 2 3 4 See this "Champignons du Québec" page (in French) for a key incorporating the same relationships.
  9. Kuo, M. (2006, September). Agrocybe acericola. See the MushroomExpert.Com article.
  10. This page of Species Fungorum shows synonyms of A. praecox.
  11. See the Armorance web site (in French) on the natural history of Brittany.
  12. See the First Nature site.
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