Alara of Nubia

Alara of Nubia
Kushite King of Napata
The cartouche of Alara as appears on the much later stela of Nastasen[1]
Successor	Kashta
Spouse	Kasaqa
Issue	Queen Abar, Queen Tabiry
nomen	[2]

Alara was a King of Kush who is generally regarded as the founder of the Napatan royal dynasty by his 25th Dynasty Nubian successors and was the first recorded prince of Nubia. He unified all of Upper Nubia from Meroë to the Third Cataract and is possibly attested at the Temple of Amun at Kawa. Alara also established Napata as the religious capital of Nubia. Alara himself was not a 25th dynasty Nubian king since he never controlled any region of Egypt during his reign compared to his two immediate successors: Kashta and Piye respectively. Nubian literature credits him with a substantial reign since future Nubian kings requested that they might enjoy a reign as long as Alara's. His memory was also central to the myth of the origins of the Kushite kingdom which was embellished with new elements over time.^[3] Alara was a deeply revered figure in Nubian culture and the first Nubian king whose name has come down to scholars.^[4]

Alara in the historical records

Alara's existence is first documented in the Egyptian hieroglyphic stela of Queen Tabiry^[5] who was Alara's daughter by Queen Kasaqa, Alara's wife.^[4] Since Tabiry was the wife of Piye whereas Piye's direct predecessor on the throne of Kush was Kashta, Alara was most likely Kashta's predecessor in turn.^[4] While Alara was not assigned a royal title in Queen Tabiry's stela, his name was written in the form of a cartouche which confirms that he was indeed a Kushite king.^[6] Alara is also mentioned as the brother of Taharqa's grandmother in inscriptions Kawa IV lines 16f^[7] (ca. 685 BC) and VI, lines 23f.^[8] (ca. 680 BC)

One Nubian archaeologist, Timothy Kendall, has claimed that Alara is the king 'Ary' Meryamun whose Year 23 is inscribed on a now fragmented stela from the Temple of Amun at Kawa.^[9] However, the Hungarian Egyptologist László Török rejects this view in his 1997 book The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. (Handbuch der Orientalistik 31) and believes that Ary was rather Aryamani who was a much later Kushite post-25th dynasty king who ruled from Meroë due to the text and style of his stela. Kendall's epigraphic arguments here are also not accepted by other scholars.

Tomb

Alara was succeeded in power by Kashta who extended Nubia's influence to Elephantine and Thebes. He was buried at the royal cemetery of El-Kurru downstream from Napata^[10] Alara's wife, Queen Kasaqa, was buried in tomb Ku.23 (El-Kurru 23).^[11] Her tomb was located right next to tomb Ku.9 which is presumed to belong to Alara himself.^[12]

Kendall notes that the occupant of Ku.9 (likely Alara):

"was interred in the traditional Nubian manner, lying on a bed and placed in a small enclosed side-chamber at the bottom of a vertical shaft, the visible tomb superstructure incorporated many Egyptian features. The apex seems to have been adorned with a crudely cast, hollow bronze ba statue...The chapel had contained a plain, hard stone Egyptian-style offering table, and the chapel walls had been adorned with crude low relief. One block preserved what appeared to be the upper part of a male head, wearing a crown with a superstructure and streamers and a loop-like ornament over the brow, imitative of a uraeus...This feature suggests either that the owner of the tomb, by the end of his reign, had come close to identifying himself as a true pharaoh, or that his successor (Kashta?) who would have built the tomb and authorized the reliefs, provided such sentiments in the posthumous depiction."^[12]

Török concurs and writes that "the mortuary cult chapel of Ku.9 seems to have been the first to be provided with a tomb stela and a funerary offering table" in el-Kurru, the royal burial grounds of the early Kushite kings.^[4]

References

1. Dows Dunham and M. F. Laming Macadam, "Names and Relationships of the Royal Family of Napata", JEA 35 (Dec., 1949), p. 141; pl. 15
2. Kendall, Tim (1999). "The Origin of the Napatan State: El-Kurru and the Evidence of the Royal Ancestors". In Wenig, Steffen. Meroitica 15: Studien zum antiken Sudan. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. p. 64. ISBN 3447041390. Kendall's Meroitica 15 article gives this hieroglyphic arrangement for the written form of Alara's name
3. Török, László (1997). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Handbuch der Orientalistik 31. New York: Brill. p. 123. ISBN 9004104488.
4. Török, p.123
5. From Ku.53, Khartoum 1901; Dows Dunham, Nuri, Boston. 1950, figs 29f
6. Török, p.124
7. Khartoum 2678; M.F.L. Macadam, The Temples of Kawa I. The Inscriptions, London 1949. 14ff
8. Khartoum, 2679; Macadam, 32ff
9. Kendall, Tim (1999). "The Origin of the Napatan State: El-Kurru and the Evidence of the Royal Ancestors". In Wenig, Steffen. Meroitica 15: Studien zum antiken Sudan. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. pp. 63–64. ISBN 3447041390.
10. Török, pp.148-150
11. Kendall, op. cit., p.65 & figure 1 on p.98
12. Kendall, p.65