Albanian mafia

Albanian mafia
Founded 15th century
Territory Balkans (Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Greece), Italy, Turkey, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Russia, Honduras, Israel, China, Sweden, Norway, Finland and other parts of Europe
Ethnicity Albanians
Membership 112,000 (Europe)
Criminal activities Arms trafficking, murder, extortion, fencing, robbery, human trafficking, blackmailing, loan sharking, drug trafficking, theft, money laundering, assault, pimping, and bribery
Allies Sicilian Mafia, Camorra, Greek mafia, 'Ndrangheta, Sacra Corona Unita, Turkish mafia, and Croatian mafia
Rivals Serbian mafia and Russian mafia

The Albanian Mafia or Albanian organized crime (Albanian: Mafia Shqiptare) are the general terms used for criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians. Albanian organized crime is highly active in Albania, the United States, and the European Union countries, participating in a diverse range of criminal enterprises including trafficking in drugs, arms, humans, and human organs. The Albanian criminal scenario is characterized by diversified criminal plans which, in their complexity, show one of the highest criminal capacities in the world. In Albania alone, there are over 15 mafia families that control organized crime. According to Wikileaks reports, the Albanian mafia has monopolized various international affiliations from as far east as Israel, to as far west as South America. These reports primarily indicate a strong connection between politicians and various Albanian mafia families. According to the Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS), Albanian mafia groups are actually hybrid organizations (various sectors of society), often involved in both criminal and political activities.[1]

The Albanian Mafia, in its entirety, constitutes one of the highest crime generating elements in the world, combining the “traditional” characteristics – plainly manifest in the rigid internal discipline, in the clan structure, in the “endogamic closure” which increases the impermeability, the reliability and the endogenous solidity – with modern and innovative elements, such as trans-nationality, commercial imprinting and the criminogenous culture of service. The massive logistics to almost anywhere and the syncretic nature of Albanian crime has facilitated its establishment outside of the mother country and its integration with the local criminality, exploiting the opportunities inherent in the entire compatriot network.

Structure and composition

Clan hierarchy

The typical structure of the Albanian mafia is hierarchical. A family clan is referred to as a "fis" or a "fare."[2] Families contain an executive committee known as a "Bajrak" and select a high-ranking member for each unit. A unit is led by a "Krye" or "Boss" who selects "Kryetar" or "Underbosses" to serve under them. The Kryetar will then choose a "Mik" or "Friend" who acts as a liaison to members and is responsible for coordinating unit activities.[3] In Albania, there is also a group called "Black Eagle" that consists of Alji Haskaj and Arton Toljaj. Aside from "Black Eagle" the activities are also referred to as "Ideali, Skifteri, BIA, Kashtjela, Large Eagles, Black Hand, Eagle's Eye, Black Tigers, Zjarri, Akatana, Siguria Vendit and others.

Membership

Deeply reliant on loyalty, honor, and family—with blood relations and marriage being very important—most of the Albanian networks appear to be "old-fashioned". Albanian mafia families or clans are usually made up of groups that have thousands members all over the world, constituting an extended family, residing all along the Balkan route from Eastern Turkey, to Western Europe, and North America.

According to Ioannis Michaletos, the family structure is characterized by a strong inner discipline, which is achieved by means of punitive action for every deviation from internal rules. Punishment ensures fear, and fear guarantees unconditional loyalty to the family. Provisions within the family structure allow official laws to be considered secondary, unimportant, and non-binding. Since mafia families are based on blood relations, the number of clan members are limited, and bonds between them tend to be very strong. As a result, infiltrating into the mafia is almost impossible. Members of other ethnic groups can be accepted only to execute one time or secondary jobs. The Albanian mafia families are organized in 4–6 or more levels; such a structure enables them to preserve the organizational action capability even in case some of its members or groups are captured.[4]

Clans by region in Albania

The Albanian mafia has clans throughout the world. In Albania, there are clans that operate in certain towns or cities. Each region is controlled by different mafia families that oversee international operations. In Shkodra, the Xhakja clan is powerful and has an extensive history of criminal family members.[5] Other prominent Albanian mafia families operating in and around Albania include; The Kelmendi or "Kelmendi" crime family, run by Naser Kelmendi, and the Osmani family,[6] and the "Banda e Lushnjës" whose boss "Aldo Bare" has since been arrested and prosecuted. The Allushi clan is located in the area of Kurcaj, Albania.[7]

Rituals and codes of conduct

Besa

The Albanian mafia uses a term "Besa", meaning trust, as a name for their "code of honor".[8] During the recruitment process a member inducted into the Albanian mafia is required to take an oath. The oath is then considered sacred because it is defined as a Besë. Besa is extremely important in Albanian culture, and is considered a verbal contract of trust. Especially in North Albania, when somebody gives you his Besë, he has given you his life and is going to protect you with his life. Besa Mafia has a website on deep web where they receive orders from customers, as Silk Road proved more than 800 million dollars can be made by online ilegal activities many organisations expanded online, such as the Besa mafia

International activity

China

The Albanian mafia has extended its activities to China. This after Chinese authorities have uncovered Albanian mafia activity including drug trafficking and prostitution networks. Reports state that the mafia is involved in drug transporting to various Chinese cities. Further, after smuggling the drugs, they are involved in human smuggling of Chinese nationals to Europe.[9]

Israel

The Israeli government has confirmed its concern that the Albanian mafia has spread its tentacles in the country's banking system. The Israeli intelligence agency has called for a close cooperation between Israel and Albania to combat money laundering. Justice Ministry General Manager, Dr. Rotkopf Guy noted; "this is an important step in international cooperation between our countries to combat money laundering with the force of law and to deepen relations between Israel and other countries."[10]

Australia

A lengthy News Corp Australia investigation has found that an Albanian Mafia group — led by some of Australia’s most wanted men — have established “entrenched infiltration” of almost every level of Australian society and according to Australian Federal Police.

“European Organized Crime, primarily the Albanian Mafia is now one of the largest organised crime threats to Australia, so entrenched and disciplined and influential in local communities it has made this a serious challenge to crack.”

The mostly Australian run group, led by former Kings Cross identity Vaso Ulic, An Albanian immigrant who left Australia in 2005 never to return, was now networked to become one of the biggest transnational crime groups in the world importing six tonnes a year into Australia alone but many more to and from other destinations from South Africa to Europe, China, Nigeria and the Americas with law enforcers from notably the United Kingdom, United States and Italy involved in their pursuance.

Vaso Ulic is a 55-year-old ethnic Albanian who migrated to Australia in 1979 and within a few years was working as a small-time foot soldier running drugs and cash along the infamous Golden Mile of Kings Cross but who is now seen as a kingpin of an organisation so big, very few drug consignments enter Australia without his knowledge or permission.

It has been confirmed the prosecutions office in Montenegro, where Ulic is residing, has an extensive file on Ulic and other figures in the country as part of an international arrest warrant to break the cartel up.[11]

An internal police assessment relayed to the Federal Government claims their criminality now extends worldwide with direct Australian-Albanian Organized Crime links to notorious Mexican and Colombian clans and cartels and Asian triads including the 14K group, South African crime lords and Italian and Dutch criminal groups, with predominantly Melbourne, Sydney, Queensland, South Australia & Tasmania using motorcycle gangs as part of the national distribution & enforcement network for the Albanians.

Europe

Belgium

In 1989, Belgian Prime Minister Paul Vanden Boeynants was kidnapped in a plot organized by Basri Bajrami. Bajrami was acknowledged by authorities as a member of the Albanian mafia at that time.[12] The Albanian mafia has deep roots in Belgium, which was recently a topic of a special programme on Belgian RTBF Channel One. Reporters tried to investigate the roots of Albanian organized crime but have complained that it is too hard to penetrate the structure and organization of the Albanian mafia, but they agreed that the Albanian mafia acts on the model of the Italian one, whose crime is part of the "activities of entire families" and which has a clearly defined hierarchy. The Albanian mafia in Brussels has monopoly over activities such as "narcotics and arms deals", according to Belgian sources.[13]

France

The Albanian mafia in France is described as having a monopoly over many criminal transactions including arms and drug trafficking. The Albanian mafia has a strong foothold in France, which is a key strategy as other primary transactions are overseen in neighbouring countries by different mafia families and clans.[14] French media has stated that " In many cities of France, there is a network of the Albanian mafia , who are involved in narcotics trafficking , and prostitution. It is a highly organized network and is very difficult to find their roots and penetrate it.[15]

Germany

Albanian mafia families are active in some of the German urban centres, in particular Hamburg. They play an important role in the drug trade and the red light districts of the country. Although this is well-known to German security authorities, such as the (Bundesnachrichtendienst), they are unwilling to undertake an investigation against the Albanian criminal structures in Germany.

"Ethnic Albanians" (as the German police officially calls them), migrated from Albania or the Republic of Macedonia or Kosovo, due to the war in Kosovo.[16] Despite their relatively small number, they have quickly taken over the criminal networks of heroin and prostitution faster than any other ethnic group has ever done.[16] In 1999, there were many fake "Albanian" banks that transferred great amounts of money out of Germany in order to finance the KLA guerrilla in Kosovo.[16] This mafia uses so much violence that the German police has problems finding any witnesses to testify against them; all potential witnesses fear for their safety and for the safety of their families.[16]

BND reports state that Albanian Mafia activities are thoroughly spread throughout Germany. One mafia family in Hamburg, for instance, according to BND reports, has over "300 million euros in real estate portfolios". Further, the clan has considerable ties to police, judges and prosecutors in Hamburg.[3]

According to British criminal Colin Blaney in his autobiography 'Undesirables', Albanian criminals in Germany also frequently come to blows with British criminals who operate in the nation. Albanian people traffickers have been involved in confrontations with an English organized crime group known as the Wide Awake Firm, including an incident in which a member of the English group was stabbed through the hand.

Italy

The geographic vicinity, the accessibility to the E.U. through Italy, and the ties with the Calabrian and Apulia criminality have all contributed to the expansion of the Albanian criminality on the Italian scenario. Further factors relative to the economy have rendered the Albanian criminality even more competitive. In fact, some organizations which reached Italy in the early 1990s, infiltrated the Lombardy narco-traffic network run by the ‘ndrangheta. Albanian mafia leaders have reached stable agreements with the Italian criminal organizations, also with the mafia, so have gained legitimacy in many illegal circuits, diversifying their activities to avoid reasons of conflict with similar host structures. So, Albanian drug trafficking has emerged in Apulia, Sicily, Calabria and Campania.[17]

Trading route

The Albanian mafia reportedly uses specific trading routes to transport narcotics and illegal immigrants to Italy. Their southern route is via Montenegro and Albania. Access is then gained to Italy by boat.

Sicilian mafia

Since the beginning of the 1990s, Italy has been clamping down hard on the Sicilian mafia. According to the deputy director of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), at the end of the 1990s the mafia sought to survive this crackdown by forming a "symbiotic" relationship with the Albanian crime families known as fares, who provided the struggling Sicilians a hand in a number of services in their operations across Italy. Today, both Sicilian mafia groups and the ‘Ndrangheta are believed to have franchised out prostitution, gambling, and drug dealing in territories along the Adriatic coast to the Albanians. One CSIS report even claimed that this partnership had proved so successful that the Sicilian mafia established a ‘headquarters’ in Vlorë, a coastal town in southern Albania at the close of the 1990s.[18]

Albanian clandestine immigrants started arriving at Italian ports in 1991. By 1997, the immigration had come under the control of the Albanian and Italian criminal groups, tightening relationships between them.[19]

Sacra Corona Unita

"The Albanian Mafia seems to have established good working relationships with the Italian Mafia".[20] "On the 27th of July 1999 police in Durres (Albania), with Italian assistance arrested one of the godfathers of the "Sacra Corona Unita", Puglia’s Italian mafia. This Albanian link seems to confirm that the Sacra Corona Unita and the Albanian mafia are "partners" in Puglia/Italy and delegate several criminal activities".[20] Thus, in many areas of Italy, the market for cannabis, prostitution, and smuggling is run mainly by Albanians. Links to Calabria’s mafia, the Ndrangheta, exist in Northern Italy. Several key figures of the Albanian mafia seem to reside frequently in the Calabrian towns of Africo, Platì, and Bovalino (Italy), fiefs of the Ndrangheta. Southern Albanian groups also have good relationships with Sicily’s Cosa Nostra.[20]

Camorra

Roberto Saviano, the Italian writer, an expert on the Napolitan Camorra in particular and the Italian mafia in general, spoke of the Albanian mafia as a "no longer foreign mafia" to Italy and stressed that the Albanians and Italians have a "brotherly" relationship between each other. Saviano notes that the Camorra from Naples cannot understand the Russian mafia clans, which aren't based on family ties, and feels greater affinity with the Albanian crime families.[21]

Ndrangheta

In an Albanian television station Top Channel TV, Saviano went on to say that the Albanian and Italian factions are "one of the same", and that they don't consider each other as foreigners.[22]

According to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta "act in close co-operation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders".[23]

Scandinavia

"The ethnic Albanian mafia is very powerful and extremely violent," said Kim Kliver, chief investigator for organized crime with the Danish National Police. Law enforcement authorities estimate that different Albanian mafia families may smuggle as much as 440 pounds of heroin a year into Scandinavia at any given time.[24]

Spain

According to Spanish Authorities, the Albanian mafia is composed of powerful organized factions. In a report by Spanish Authorities, the factions have infiltrated banks and industrial estates. They are very active in Madrid and Costa Del Sol.[25]

Switzerland

Geneva Deputy Public Prosecutors state that the Albanian mafia is one of the most powerful ones among eight identified mafias in the world.[26] The other mafia organizations around the world are the Russian mafia, Chinese (Triad), Japanese (Yakuza), Italian Mafia, Colombian (drug cartels) organizations, and Mexican (drug cartels) organizations. The Albanian mafia controls the entire network of heroin trafficking in Geneva, Switzerland.[27] The Geneva deputy public prosecutors also added that the Albanian mafia "is laundering a part of income in Geneva economy, restaurants, bars, real estate and cabarets".[26]

United Kingdom

Albanian mafia gangs are believed to be largely behind sex trafficking, immigrants smuggling, as well as working with Turkish gangs in Southend-on-Sea, who control the heroin trade in the United Kingdom.[28][29]

Albanian Mafia are managing a controversed site on Deep Web where they take orders from general public for body harm services such as beating up, setting cars on fire, kiling, etc.

Vice squad officers estimate that "Albanians now control more than 75 per cent of the country’s brothels and their operations in London’s Soho alone are worth more than £15 million a year." They are said to be present in every big city in Britain as well as in many smaller ones including Telford and Lancaster, after having fought off rival criminals in turf wars. Associate groups within the organizations will also hide their criminal activities within restaurants, bars, and clubs in an attempt to remain undercover.[30]

Albanian gangsters were also involved in the largest cash robbery in British crime history, the £53 million (about US$92.5 million at the time of the robbery) Securitas heist in 2006.[31]

According to the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (SCDEA), Albanian mafia groups have muscled in on the drug and vice trades within the Scottish underworld. The (SCDEA) notes that Albanian mafia groups have established a foothold in arms and drugs trafficking in Scotland.

Albanian mafia in UK is heavily involved in prostitution and together with Turkish mafia control more than 70% of prostitution market in London. In the last few years Albanian mafia was involved more in drug trafficking than in prostitution and they sold more than 500,000 kilos of drugs in London alone.

North America

Canada

The Albanian mafia is firmly established in Eastern Canadian cities, such as Toronto and Montreal. Albanians are involved in various white collar activities, such as real estate and health care fraud. Furthermore, they are engaged in cross-border activity between the United States and Canada, which includes drug smuggling and money laundering.[32]

A Canadian Security Intelligence Service report noted that although organized crime in Canada has shifted to more multi-ethnic and loosely based structures, the term "mafia" is used only to identify the "big three," which have hierarchical structures that are ethnically, racially, and culturally homogeneous: the Italian, Albanian, and Russian mafias.[33]

United States

The Albanian mafia in the United States has been thought to greatly increase their dominant power and is one of the most violent criminal organizations in operation—particularly with their strong connections in the European Union.[34]

In the United States, Albanian gangs started to be active in the mid-80s, mostly participating in low-level crimes, such as burglaries and robberies. Later, they would become affiliated with Cosa Nostra crime families before eventually growing strong enough to operate their own organizations under the Iliazi family name.[35]

During investigations conducted by FBI experts in the city of New York and surrounding areas against the Albanian mafia, it was noted that the Albanian mafia was too widespread and too secretive to penetrate. Furthermore, although there have been a number of operations performed by the FBI to destroy organized crime such as Italian and Russian factions, the Albanian mafia continues to be widespread in New York in a relatively high number.[36]

In 2011, a New York-based Albanian-American mob was successfully convicted by the New York US attorney's office. It was coordinated by the International Narcotics Strike Force (made up of the DEA, NYPD, ICE/HSI, New York State Police, IRS, and U.S. Marshals). The American-Albanian mob was described as having "hundreds of associated members, workers, and customers spanning three continents" and with trafficking drugs from Detroit, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela. They were also in close cooperation with other mafia families based in the European Union.

According to Jerry Capeci, the national foremost expert on the American Mafia "Albanian gangsters are the latest ethnic criminals to be presented by authorities as competition for the old and dying Mafiosi. Like Irish, Cuban, Russian, Chinese and Greek hoodlums before them, the Albanians are not serious competition for what the F.B.I. calls traditional organized crime, the Italian mob. There are nowhere near enough of them."[37]

The FBI says that "they do not yet demonstrate the established criminal sophistication of traditional Eurasian or La Cosa Nostra (LCN) organizations. There is no single Balkan 'Mafia' structured hierarchically like the traditional LCN. Rather, Balkan organized crime groups in this country translated their clan-like structure to the United States. They are not clearly defined or organized and are instead grouped around a central leader or leaders."[38]

In early 2012, the White House sanctioned suspected Albanian mafia king pin Naser Kelmendi for drug trafficking. US President Barack Obama notified Congress saying he had sanctioned Kelmendi under the Kingpin Act, implemented by the US Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Kalmendi is suspected of leading one of the strongest ethnic Albanian criminal families in the Balkans, according to the Treasury Department. He has long been suspected of running a large organization that traffics heroin, cocaine and acetic anhydride, a raw material used in the production of heroin, to Europe through the Balkans.[39]

Rudaj Organization (New York)
Main article: Rudaj Organization

One of the most famous Albanian criminal organization was the Rudaj Organization. In October 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested 22 men who worked for it. Among them was Alex Rudaj, the leader of the organization, whose arrest effectively ended the workings of the Rudaj. The arrests were made shortly after the men entered the territory of the Lucchese crime family in Astoria, Queens, New York, and supposedly beat up two members of the Lucchese family.

The name Rudaj comes from the head of the organization. According to The New York Times published on January 2006, "Beginning in the 1990s, the Corporation, led by a man named Alex Rudaj, established ties with established organized crime figures including members of the Gambino crime family, the authorities say. Then, through negotiations or in armed showdowns, the Albanians struck out on their own, daring to battle the Lucchese and Gambino families for territory in Queens, the Bronx and Westchester County, prosecutors say."[40]

In 2001, Albanian mobsters stormed a Gambino hangout in Astoria, Queens, sending a brazen message to the family. The club, called Soccer Fever, was now theirs. The seven men who invaded the dimly lit basement club tore the joint apart, shot off handguns and beat the club manager bloody, prosecutors say. It was a bold move, and, prior to August 2001 unthinkable.[41]

Gambino leader Arnold Squitieri had had enough and wanted a talk with these rogue mobsters. The "sit down" took place at a gas station in a rest area near the New Jersey turnpike. Squitieri did not come alone; twenty armed Gambino mobsters accompanied their boss. Alex Rudaj on the other hand had only managed to bring six members of his crew. According to undercover FBI agent Joaquin Garcia, who infiltrated the Gambino crime family during this period, Squitieri told Rudaj that the fun was over and that they should stop expanding their operations. The Albanians and Gambinos then pulled out their weapons. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Albanians threatened to blow up the gas station with all of them in it. This ended the discussion, and both groups pulled back.[42]

By 2006, all the main players involved in this "sit down" were in prison. Rudaj and his Sixth Family had been picked off the street in October 2004 and charged with a variety of racketeering and gambling charges. After a trial, Rudaj and his main lieutenants were all found guilty. In 2006, Rudaj, at that time 38 years old, was sentenced to 27 years in prison. His rival Arnold Squitieri was convicted in an unrelated racketeering case and was sent to prison for seven years.[42]

"What we have here might be considered a sixth crime family", after the five mafia organizations—Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese—said Fred Snelling, head of the FBI's criminal division in New York.[43]

Potential

Speaking anonymously for Philadelphia's City Paper, a member of the "Kielbasa Posse", an ethnic Polish mob group, declared in 2002 that Poles are willing to do business with "just about anybody. Dominicans. Blacks. Italians. Asian street gangs. Russians. But they won't go near the Albanian mob. The Albanians are too violent and too unpredictable."[44]

The Polish mob has told its associates that the Albanians are like the early Sicilian mafia—clannish, secretive, hypersensitive to any kind of insult, and too quick to use violence for the sake of vengeance.[44]

Latin America

Honduras

Reliable information from Honduras indicates formidable Albanian mafia activity. According to WikiLeaks reports, Albanian mafia groups are affiliated with various South American politicians, and have set in motion to move their hidden assets in various banks. The Wikileaks report goes on to state that Albanian mafia groups are preying heavily in Central America, where all roads lead to Colombian cocaine. Albanian mafia groups are laundering money through banks in Honduras and investing a large amount in construction projects to further gain influence in South America.[45]

Prominent Albanian mafiosi

In popular culture

In film

In television

In literature

In games

In documentary

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Tip Of The Iceberg: French Police Arrest Albanian Heroin Traffickers, But Balkan Criminal Gangs Tighten Grip Across Europe". International Business Times. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "An introduction to the New York-Albanian mob - Capital New York". Capitalnewyork.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  3. ↑ "Albanian Criminal Activity". Kosovo.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Shape Of The Albanian Organized Crime". Rieas.gr. 2000-04-13. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  5. ↑ "Google Translate". Translate.google.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "Google Translate". Translate.google.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ Hopkins, Nick (1999-09-07). "Albanian mafia targets Britain". The Guardian (London).
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20140307123428/http://zeri.info/artikulli/26393/mafia-shqiptare-e-shtrire-edhe-ne-kine. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ "Izraeli në alarm, mafia dhe zyrtarë shqiptarë në transaksione e fshehje pasurie – Agjencia Kombëtare e Lajmeve AMA". Ama-news.al. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  11. ↑ http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/special-features/the-aussie-gangsters-behind-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-drug-cartels/story-fnl1b568-1227373347470
  12. ↑ The Terrorist List [5 volumes]. Books.google.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  13. ↑ "Albania and Albanians around the world » Blog Archive » ALBANIAN MAFIA HAS DEEP ROOTS IN BELGIUM". Albaniacountry.info. 1999-11-28. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  14. ↑ "I - Comment s’implante la mafia albanaise" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  15. ↑ "Franca në alarm nga "mafia shqiptare", autoritetet: Vështirë t’i zbulohen rrënjët – Ora News". Ora News. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Mrs. Jela Jovanovic, Secretary General (15 August 1999). "[CTRL] Spiegel: Spider's net of the Albanian Mafia in Germany". Mail-archive.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  17. ↑ "The growing Albanian Mafia: from the risk of area to the great alliaces". Gnosis.aisi.gov.it. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "Mafia International? Organised Crime in Central and Eastern Europe « The View East". Thevieweast.wordpress.com. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  19. ↑ Celestine Bohlen (March 19, 1997), "Italian Port Is 'Tired of Seeing These Albanians'", New York Times
  20. 1 2 3 Ralf Mutschke (Assistant Director, Criminal Intelligence Directorate) (13 December 2000), The Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drugs Trafficking and Terrorism (written testimony to the U.S. Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime), Interpol
  21. ↑ Laura Delsere (2009-10-20). "Roberto Saviano on the mafia and Eastern Europe". Balcanicaucaso.org. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  22. 1 2 3 "Klanet Mafioze Shqiptare". Lindja.hpage.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  23. ↑ Hall, Allan; Popham, Peter (August 16, 2007). "Mafia war blamed for shooting of six Italian men in Germany". The Independent (London).
  24. ↑ "Midnight sun has a dark side". Listserv.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  25. ↑ "Ceuta Nostalgia.- Las Mafias en España" (in Catalan). Usuaris.tinet.cat. 2000-08-20. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  26. 1 2 "Albanian mafia behind Swiss heroin market < Europe < LEARN < Flare Network". Flarenetwork.org. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  27. ↑ "Albanian mafia controls heroin trafficking in Geneva". The Times Of India.
  28. ↑ Thompson, Tony. Gangs: A Journey into the heart of the British Underworld, 2004 ISBN 0-340-83053-0
  29. ↑ Aguiar, Shirin. "Focus: Gun Culture: 'My gun drives fear into people - once you got money and a gun, you got power'". The Independent. HighBeam Research.
  30. ↑ "Albanian gangs control violent vice networks". London: Times Online. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  31. ↑ "Securitas heist: Five found guilty of Britain's biggest robbery - Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  32. ↑ "Powered by Google Docs" (PDF). Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  33. ↑ "report on organized crime" (PDF). Criminal intelligence Service Canada. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  34. ↑ "Five Families of New York City: Albanian Mafia fueling Al Qaeda terrorist activity in US: Kosovo schools and orphanages open". Fivefamiliesnyc.blogspot.com. 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  35. ↑ Archived April 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ "Mafia shqiptare ne SHBA Me e pasofistikuara por me e dhunshme se italianet e ruset". Shqiperia.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  37. ↑ "Will the Real Mob Please Stand Up". The New York Times. 2006-03-05.
  38. ↑ "FBI — Balkan Enterprises". FBI. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  39. ↑ "Albanian Mafia  : MAFIA TODAY". Mafiatoday.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  40. ↑ FAHIM, KAREEM (January 3, 2006). "Beating Them at Their Own Game". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  41. ↑ "Articles About Albanian By Date - Page 2". Daily News (New York).
  42. 1 2 "Albanian Boss: Alex Rudaj - Gangsters Inc". Gangstersinc.ning.com. 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  43. ↑ "ALBANIA 'MAFIA' BROKEN". New York Post. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  44. 1 2 Brendan McGarvey (2002-12-12). "Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark".
  45. ↑ landi thotë:. "Ekskluzive/ Mafia shqiptare do pastrojë dhe investojnë paratë e pista në Honduras – Agjencia Kombëtare e Lajmeve AMA". Ama-news.al. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  46. ↑ Tom Robbins (Feb 15, 2005), "The Mob's Multimillion-Dollar Batter. The feds say this Albanian tough guy swings for John Gotti's old team", Village Voice
  47. ↑ "SHO NUFF MOB STUDY - NOVEMBER 15, 2005". Gangstersinc.tripod.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  48. 1 2 "Powered by Google Docs" (PDF). Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  49. ↑ "Albanian Law: Albanian Drug Traffickers, Albanian Lawyers, Albanian Mobsters, Albanian People Murdered Abroad by LLC Books (Creator) - New, Rare & Used Books Online at Alibris Marketplace". Alibris.com. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  50. ↑ "Banda e Durrësit: Vendimi i gjyqit, "burg për jetë" për 4 anëtarë". Forumi Shqiptar. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
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