Alcohol and weight

Alcohol and weight is a subject relevant to millions of people who like to drink alcoholic beverages and who also either want to maintain or to lose body weight. It is uncertain whether alcohol leads to increased body weight. Some studies find an increase in body weight, some studies do not, and some find a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol.[1][2] Some of these studies are very large; one involved nearly 80,000 and another included 140,000 subjects.

These findings are inconclusive because alcohol itself contains 7 kcalories per gram. The reason that alcohol may not increase weight is unclear, but research suggests that alcohol energy is not efficiently used. Alcohol also appears to increase metabolic rate significantly, thus causing more calories to be burned rather than stored in the body as fat (Klesges et al., 1994). Other research has found consumption of sugar to decrease as consumption of alcohol increases.

According to Dr. Kent Bunting, the research results do not necessarily mean that people who wish to lose weight should continue to consume alcohol because consumption is known to have an enhancing effect on appetite. Due to these discrepancies in findings, the relationship between alcohol and weight remains unresolved and requires further research.

Biological and environmental factors are thought to contribute to alcoholism and obesity.[3] The physiologic commonalities between excessive eating and excessive alcohol drinking shed light on intervention strategies, such as pharmaceutical compounds that may help those who suffer from both. Some of the brain signaling proteins that mediate excessive eating and weight gain also mediate uncontrolled alcohol consumption.[3] Some physiological substrates that underlie food intake and alcohol intake have been identified. Melanocortins, a group of signaling proteins, are found to be involved in both excessive food intake and alcohol intake.[4]

Alcohol may contribute to obesity. A study found frequent, light drinkers (three to seven drinking days per week, one drink per drinking day) had lower BMIs than infrequent, but heavier drinkers.[5] Although calories in liquids containing ethanol may fail to trigger the physiologic mechanism that produces the feeling of fullness in the short term, long-term, frequent drinkers may compensate for energy derived from ethanol by eating less.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Cordain L, Bryan ED, Melby CL, Smith MJ (April 1997). "Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males". J Am Coll Nutr 16 (2): 134–9. doi:10.1080/07315724.1997.10718663. PMID 9100213.
  2. ↑ Arif AA, Rohrer JE (2005). "Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994". BMC Public Health 5: 126. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-126. PMC 1318457. PMID 16329757.
    Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB; et al. (July 1991). "Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54 (1): 49–55. PMID 2058587.
    Hellerstedt WL, Jeffery RW, Murray DM (October 1990). "The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population". Am. J. Epidemiol. 132 (4): 594–611. PMID 2206044.
    Istvan J, Murray R, Voelker H (June 1995). "The relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and body weight. Lung Health Study Research Group". Int J Epidemiol 24 (3): 543–6. doi:10.1093/ije/24.3.543. PMID 7672894.
    Jéquier E (February 1999). "Alcohol intake and body weight: a paradox". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69 (2): 173–4. PMID 9989676.
    Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW (May 1997). "Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist". Am J Public Health 87 (5): 747–54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.5.747. PMC 1381044. PMID 9184500.
    Klesges RC, Mealer CZ, Klesges LM (April 1994). "Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59 (4): 805–9. PMID 8147323.
    Lands WE (November 1995). "Alcohol and energy intake". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (5 Suppl): 1101S–1106S. PMID 7484928.
    Liu S, Serdula MK, Williamson DF, Mokdad AH, Byers T (November 1994). "A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults". Am. J. Epidemiol. 140 (10): 912–20. PMID 7977278.
    Männistö S, Uusitalo K, Roos E, Fogelholm M, Pietinen P (May 1997). "Alcohol beverage drinking, diet and body mass index in a cross-sectional survey". Eur J Clin Nutr 51 (5): 326–32. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600406. PMID 9152684.
    Männistö S, Pietinen P, Haukka J, Ovaskainen ML, Albanes D, Virtamo J (April 1996). "Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers". Eur J Clin Nutr 50 (4): 239–45. PMID 8730611.
    Prentice AM (November 1995). "Alcohol and obesity". Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19 (Suppl 5): S44–50. PMID 8581112.
  3. 1 2 UNC Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies. Alcoholism and Obesity: Overlapping Brain Pathways? Center Line. Vol 14, 2003.
  4. ↑ Thiele et al. Overlapping Peptide Control of Alcohol Self-Administration and Feeding. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, Vol 28, No 2, 2004: pp 288–294.
  5. ↑ Breslow et al. Drinking Patterns and Body Mass Index in Never Smokers: National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2001. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:368–376.
  6. ↑ Cordain et al. Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:134–9.

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