Alexander of Roes

Alexander of Roes (died after 1288) was a German canon of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne,[1] canon law jurist, and author on history and prophecy.[2]

Views

In the period from about 1250 to 1280, Jordan of Osnabrück followed by Alexander wrote two tracts (the Memoriale) supporting the Holy Roman Empire as a German institution.[3] This period covered the rapid decline of the House of Hohenstaufen, and Alexander acknowledged the role of the papacy, then at its peak.[4] He broadly accepted the papal interpretation of translatio imperii.[5] In terms of the Church he was a reformer, looking for the end of simony.[6]

Alexander utilised threefold divisions to lay down a social theory, of Western Christendom. There were three major "nations": French, German and Italians. The Church was sustained by sacerdotium (the clergy), imperium (the Empire), and studium (scholarship); the first and last of these were matched to Rome and Paris, respectively. There were three social classes: the common folk, the clergy and the military. In France public life was largely run by clergy; in Italy it was the common sort who predominated; while in Germany the soldiers (nobles) took the lead.[7]

Alexander was following Vincent of Beauvais, and then Martin von Troppau, in considering a translatio of studium to Paris, supposedly made by Charlemagne.[8] Conceding both the religious authority of the Pope, and the (quite mythical) antiquity of the University of Paris, Alexander's style of argument allowed him to assert strongly the authority of the Empire, as German, in the field of imperium.[9] The context was that the rising French monarchy was discounting the authority of the Emperor, and a real possibility it would claim imperium for itself.[10]

Works

Alexander of Roes's major work was the Memoriale, comprising Memoriale de prerogativa Romani imperii with De translatio imperii (c.1281), of which he wrote the second only, following modern scholarship. It is suggested that work belongs to the period after the election of Rudolf von Habsburg, as King of the Romans; and was directly inspired by Alexander's experience of the election of Pope Martin IV. At that time Alexander was in the papal curia, and was employed by Cardinal Giacomo Colonna.[11] In the De translatio, Alexander brings up the Last World Emperor in a form adapted to a second Germanic Charlemagne.[12] Incorporated was the De prerogativa Romani imperii, a treatise of Jordan of Osnabrück on the legitimacy of the Roman Empire in its pagan period.[6]

Other works were:

Legacy

The Memoriale, also in later manuscripts called Chronica, gave rise to the so-called "Magdeburg prophecy". Around 1280, when Alexander was writing, it was intended to bolster a claim by Charles of Anjou to become Holy Roman Emperor. Much later it was taken to apply to Emperor Charles V, in his time. It was alluded to, as from Magdeburg, by Johann Carion in his Chronica of 1533.[16] It was given a new lease of life by its inclusion in the Lectiones memorabiles et reconditae (1600) of Johann Wolff, by Wolfgang Lazius, and by James Maxwell, who drew on a translation by Hermann Bonus. Maxwell applied it to the future Charles I of England.[17] After Charles I's execution, William Lilly, who knew the prophecy from Maxwell's work, was concerned in Monarchy or No Monarchy (1651) to argue that it did not apply to "Charles II of Scotland".[18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Len Scales (26 April 2012). The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-521-57333-7.
  2. ↑ Michael Wilks (31 July 2008). The Problem of Sovereignty in the Later Middle Ages: The Papal Monarchy with Augustinus Triumphus and the Publicists. Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–9. ISBN 978-0-521-07018-8.
  3. ↑ Antony Black (20 August 1992). Political Thought in Europe, 1250-1450. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-38609-8.
  4. ↑ The Problem of Sovereignty in the Later Middle Ages. CUP Archive. p. 421. GGKEY:P6QCTW2AZJE.
  5. ↑ J. H. Burns; James Henderson Burns (17 October 1991). The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C.350-c.1450. Cambridge University Press. p. 386. ISBN 978-0-521-42388-5.
  6. 1 2 3 Charles T. Davis, Dante's Vision of History, Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society No. 93 (1975), pp. 143-160, at p. 155. Published by: Dante Society of America. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40166193
  7. ↑ Walter Ullmann (1977). Medieval Foundations of Renaissance Humanism. Paul Elek. pp. 76–7. ISBN 0 236 40081 9.
  8. ↑ Sanford Budick; Wolfgang Iser (1 January 1996). The Translatability of Cultures: Figurations of the Space Between. Stanford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8047-2561-3.
  9. ↑ Alfred Hiatt (2004). The Making of Medieval Forgeries: False Documents in Fifteenth-century England. University of Toronto Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8020-8951-9.
  10. ↑ Heinrich August Winkler (2006). Germany: The Long Road West. Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-926597-8.
  11. ↑ Ewart Lewis (26 June 2013). Medieval Political Ideas (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 1-136-17054-5.
  12. ↑ Marjorie Reeves (1976). Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future. SPCK. p. 63. ISBN 0-281-02887-7.
  13. ↑ Agostino Paravicini-Bagliani (1 July 2000). Paravicini-Bagliani/Peterson: Pope's Body. University of Chicago Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-226-03437-9.
  14. ↑ Len Scales (26 April 2012). The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-521-57333-7.
  15. ↑ Len Scales (26 April 2012). The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-521-57333-7.
  16. ↑ Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. p. 162 note 13. ISBN 0-8014-7537-6.
  17. ↑ Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8014-7537-6.
  18. ↑ Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. pp. 177–8. ISBN 0-8014-7537-6.
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