Almagreira (Vila do Porto)

Almagreira
Civil Parish
The village of Praia Formoso, on the southern coast of Almagreira; a resort and tourist center during the summer, attractive for its long white sand beach
Official name: Freguesia da Almagreira
Name origin: almagre, Portuguese for a type of lead-rich red clay used for pottery
Country  Portugal
Autonomous region  Azores
Island Santa Maria
Municipality Vila do Porto
Center Almagreira
 - elevation 189 m (620 ft)
 - coordinates 36°57′57″N 25°6′24″W / 36.96583°N 25.10667°W / 36.96583; -25.10667Coordinates: 36°57′57″N 25°6′24″W / 36.96583°N 25.10667°W / 36.96583; -25.10667
Highest point Pico Alto
 - elevation 579 m (1,900 ft)
 - coordinates 36°58′46″N 25°5′27″W / 36.97944°N 25.09083°W / 36.97944; -25.09083
Lowest point Sea level
 - location Atlantic Ocean
 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Area 11.22 km2 (4 sq mi)
 - urban .32 km2 (0 sq mi)
Population 599 (2011)
Density 53 / km2 (137 / sq mi)
LAU Junta Freguesia
 - location Brejo de Baixo
 - elevation 190 m (623 ft)
 - coordinates 36°57′54″N 25°6′31″W / 36.96500°N 25.10861°W / 36.96500; -25.10861
Timezone Azores (UTC-1)
 - summer (DST) Azores (UTC0)
Postal zone 9580-014
Area code & prefix (+351) 292 XX XX XX
Patron saint Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho
Location of the parish of Almagreira within the municipality of Vila do Porto
Wikimedia Commons: Almagreira (Vila do Porto)

Almagreira (Portuguese pronunciation: [aɫmɐˈɡɾɐjɾɐ]) is a civil parish in the municipality of Vila do Porto in the Portuguese autonomous region of Azores. The population in 2011 was 599,[1] in an area of 11.22 km².[2] Bordering all other parishes of the island, it is located northwest of Vila do Porto.

History

The partial ruins of the Fort of São João Baptista, at the mouth of the main ravine, as seen from the Macela Belvedre

It is unclear when this area was first referred to as Almagreira, but it stemmed from the exploration of a type of clay common in the area; from the name almagre, for a lead-rich red clay, used for pigment. The importance of this clay was later mentioned in a local poem:

"It was the clay of Almagreira/that moulded our luck/this sailor's luck/Between the ocean and the north wind"[3]

The beachhead, today Praia Formosa, was first referred to in the Castillian Açores Insulae map, authored by Luís Teixeira and dated to 1584, as the Plaia Hermosa.[4] The same author, in his map Descripçam da Ilha de Santa Maria, in 1587 (today located in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale de Florença), referred to the area of Almagreira as the Parish of Figueira (Portuguese: Paróquia da Figueira)”, noting the ancient hermitage dedicated to Nossa Senhora dos Remédios, and a small population of 40 neighbours, in addition to the aforementioned Praia Fremosa.[4]

In addition to the Chapel of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Our Lady of Medicine), the parish is also the location of several other temples: Church of Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho (Our Lady of Good Tidings), which evolved from a small chapel constructed in the 18th century, as well as the Church of Nossa Senhora do Monte (Our Lady of the Mount) and Nossa Senhora da Graça (Our Lady of Grace), both constructed in the 19th century.[5][6]

It was in Porto Formosa that English (1599) and later Barbary coast pirates (June 1616) first attacked the island. The second assault, which was the most calamitous and damaging, resulted in islanders soliciting (formally, since about 1599) provisions for the islands defence.[7]

There are also vestiges of a 16th–17th century Fort of São João Baptista that was used to protect the location from pirate attacks.[5]

The bishop of the Diocese of Angra, António Caetano da Rocha, on 2 December 1766 created a new parish, "...the third of the main Church to benefit that people and most populous parish that reside in that par of the mountains".[8] It was during the 19th century, that thee twelfth Commander in the Order of Christ on Santa Maria, Diogo José Ferreira de Eça e Menezes, third Count of Lousã, who organized the collection of funds to support the creation of a specific Curato Sufragâneo da Matriz na Almagreira (clergy) to reside at the Church of Bom Despacho.

The lands of the northern plateau of the parish were recorded as the most productive on the island, with extensive fields that produced wheat; Lieutenant-Colonel José Carlos Figueiredo, writing in 1815, while in service on the island noted: "...site of the best lands, in squared fields and a good plain of orchards...".[3] The first primary school began offering classes in 1864.[5] The ex-Constitution, Canarias, known locally as the sunken boat, was a Spanish-registered ship, which, on 13 November 1871, sunk in Praia Bay.

The civil parish, owing to the dramatic growth, separated from the parish of Nossa Senhora de Assunção (Vila do Porto) by decree on 25 October 1906,[9] an area that included the communities of Bom Despacho Velho, Brasil, Brejo de Baixo, Brejo de Cima, Brejo do Meio, Carreira, congro, Courelas, Covas, Farropo, Fonte do Mourato, Fonte Nova, Graça and Praia. Much later, a Casa do Povo (community centre) was founded on 6 October 1966, but electricity only reached the parish in August 1971.[5] At the time, its population has sustained itself on agriculture, woven handicrafts, woollen sweaters and bedspreads.

Geography

The unique white sand beaches of Praia Formosa, created from alluvial runoff, and extending along the southern coast

Almagreira is situated in the central southern coast of the island of Santa Maria, limited on the east by the Ribeira do Gato, north-east the regional road dissecting the watersheds of the Ribeira da Praia/Farropo and Ribeira do Salto, north and north-west by the Ribeira de João, Ribeira das Covas and on the west by an escarpment between valley of Valverde and Figueiral.[10] This parish is found within a transitional band from the higher altitude, rugged relief on the eastern coast, and the planar landscape of the western half of the island. The eastern half of the parish is a mountainous zone covered in forests extending to Pico Alto (in the north) and towards Malbusca (in the southeast), passing through Pico das Cavacas (492 metres); it is an area cut by several ravines and substantial watershed on the island.[10] The western portion of the parish extends to its border with Vila do Porto and São Pedro, along a semi-flat plateau broken by a few volcanic cones, such as Pico do Bom Despacho (294 metres) and Pico do Facho (254 metres). This flat plateau area is the broken by walled parcels of agricultural land from Fonte Nova until Touril and Figuerial, and includes large pasturelands in Brejo de Baixo, in an area known as Tremoçal. Tremoçal has been considered for the location of a new Golf Complex, that includes club house, housing and support structures, covering an area of 99.5 hectares of land.[11] Meanwhile, the southern coast fronts a large bay, surrounded by basaltic and sedimentary cliffs (such as Touril or Macela) cut by ravines that disgorge into the ocean. The alluvial drainage from these ravines have, over the centuries, formed white-sand beaches (Praia Grande and Praia Pequeno) in Praia Formosa, which are atypical in the Azores.

Access to communities in Almagreira follow the Estrada Regional E.R. 1-2ª roadway that connects São Pedro and Vila do Porto in the northeast corner, through the built-up area of Almagreira proper, to the foothills around Bom Despacho Velho. This accessway, then intersects in the mountains of Pico Alto, around Cruz dos Picos, before continuing to the border of Espírito Santo (in the eastern border), around Fontinhas.[12] This main road only traverses the northern part of the parish: ancillary roads in Brejo do Baixo and Barreiros connect the isolated coastal village of Praia Formosa, winding down the coastal cliffs of Macela, intersecting Ribeira da Praia and Ribeira do Farropo, before reaching the sea level and then climbing to Barreiros.

The parish includes the following localities: Almagreira, Bom Despacho Velho, Brejo de Baixo, Brejo de Cima, Carreira, Falcão, Fonte Nova, Praia Formoso, Outeiro and Rua do Congro. Since 1911, the population had progressively grown, until 1960, when it began a steady decline.[10] By 1991, the population of Almagreira was equivalente to 38% of the resident population in 1960. As with many of the islands of the archipelago, emigration was the principal cause of this depopulation.[10]

Economy

Over the years, the local population has occupied itself traditionally with activities associated with agriculture and cattle-raising (primarily dairy), in addition to artesian handicrafts (works of wicker, wool or produced from loom), as well as regional sweets (such as biscoitos de orelha, cavacas or búzios). As tourism began to permeate the economy of the islands of the Azores, Almagreira was located in a convenient location: the white sand beaches along its southern margins are unique in the archipelago. Consequently, due to its warm summers, and normally placid oceanfront bay, the community attracts tourists from within and outside the Azores.

Architecture

The remains of the Fort of São João Baptista
The profile of the Church of Nossa Senhora de Bom Despacho
The small Hermitage of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios

Civic

Military

Religious

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
  2. ↑ Eurostat
  3. 1 2 Loura, Ana (13 November 2006). "Almagreira, cen anos de história" [Almagreira: 100 Years of History] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  4. 1 2 Carlos Luís M.C. da Cruz (2007), pp.2
  5. 1 2 3 4 Carlos Enes (September 1998)
  6. ↑ Friar Agostinho de Montalverne first referred to these chapels on island of Santa Maria in his Crónicas da Província de São João Evangelista.
  7. ↑ Guedes (1996), pp.1
  8. ↑ Voto de Saudação da Assembleia Legislativa dos Açores
  9. ↑ Publicado no Diário do Governo nº 244, de 27 Out. 1906.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Moreira, Maria Eugénia S. Albergaria (July 1996). "Almagreira". Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  11. ↑ Diário da República (23 February 2009). "Decreto Regulamentar Regional n.º2/2009/A" (PDF) (in Portuguese) (1 ed.). Lisbon, Portugal: Vice-Presidency of the Regional Government of the Azores. pp. 1266–1269.
  12. ↑ The road to Santo Espírito marks the actual border between Santa Bárbara and Almagreira.
  13. ↑ 11.43.20 FORNO DE CAL - TOURIL, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 25 February 2011
  14. 1 2 11.42.9 QUINTA DO FALCÃO, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 25 February 2011
  15. ↑ 11.41.16 QUINTA DOS ARRUDAS, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 4 August 2006, retrieved 2011-02-25
  16. ↑ 11.43.25 CASTELO DE SÃO JOÃO BAPTISTA, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 25 February 2011
  17. ↑ 11.42.11 QUINTA DE NOSSA SENHORA DO MONTE, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 26 February 2011
  18. ↑ Noé, Paula (2010), SIPA, ed., Igreja Paroquial de Almagreira/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho (IPA.00029938/PT072107010010) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 6 May 2012
  19. 1 2 Valério, Bruna; Noé, Paula (2014), SIPA, ed., Ermida de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios/Ermida de Santo Amaro (IPA.00035086) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 28 March 2014
  20. ↑ 11.43.24 ERMIDA DE NOSSA SENHORA DOS REMÉDIOS, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 25 February 2011
  21. ↑ 11.42.8 ERMIDA DE SANTA RITA, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura, 8 April 2006, retrieved 26 February 2011
Sources
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