Alpheus (deity)

An engraving by Bernard Picart depicting a scene from Ovid's Metamorphoses in which Alpheus attempts to capture the nymph Arethusa.

Alpheus or Alpheios (/ælˈfiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλφειός, meaning "whitish"), was in Greek mythology a river (the modern Alfeios River) and river-god.^[1]

Like most river-gods, he is a son of Oceanus and Tethys.^[2][3] Telegone, daughter of Pharis, bore his son, the king Orsilochus.^[4] Through him, Alpheus was the grandfather of Diocles, and great-grandfather of a pair of soldiers, Crethon and Orsilochus, who were slain by Aeneas during the Trojan War.^[5]

According to Pausanias, Alpheius was a passionate hunter and fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, but she fled from him to the island of Ortygia near Syracuse, and metamorphosed herself into a well, after which Alpheius became a river, which flowing from the Peloponnese under the sea to Ortygia, there united its waters with those of the well Arethusa.^[6][7] This story is related somewhat differently by the Roman writer Ovid: Arethusa, a beautiful nymph, once while bathing in the river Alfeios in Arcadia, was surprised and pursued by the river god; but the goddess Artemis took pity upon her and changed her into a well, which flowed under the earth to the island of Ortygia.^{[8][9][10][11][12][13]}

According to yet other traditions, Artemis herself was the object of the love of Alpheius. Once, it is said, when pursued by him she fled to Letrini in Elis, and here she covered her face and those of her companions (nymphs) with mud, so that Alpheius could not discover or distinguish her, and was obliged to return.^[14] This occasioned the building of a temple of Artemis Alphaea at Letrini. According to another version, the goddess fled to Ortygia, where she had likewise a temple under the name of Alphaea.^[15] An allusion to Alpheius' love of Artemis is also contained in the fact that at Olympia the two divinities had one altar in common.^[16][17]

In these accounts two or more distinct stories seem to be mixed up together, but they probably originated in the popular belief that there was a natural subterranean communication between the river Alpheios and the well Arethusa. It was believed that a cup thrown into the Alpheius would make its reappearance in the well Arethusa in Ortygia.^[18][19][20] Plutarch gives an account which is altogether unconnected with those mentioned above.^[21] According to him, Alpheius was a son of Helios, and killed his brother Cercaphus in a contest. Haunted by despair and the Erinyes he leapt into the river Nyctimus which afterwards received the name Alpheius.^[1]

Alpheus was also the river which Hercules, in the fifth of his labours, re-routed in order to clean the filth from the Augean Stables in a single day, a task which had been presumed to be impossible.

References

1. Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Alpheias". In William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 133–134.
2. Hesiod, Theogony 338
3. Pindar, Nemean Odes i. 1
4. Pausanias, Description of Greece 4.30.2
5. Homer, Iliad 5.45
6. Pausanias, Description of Greece v. 7. § 2
7. Comp. Scholiast on Pindar's Nemean Odes i. 3
8. Ovid, Metamorphoses v. 572, &c.
9. Comp. Serv. ad Virg. Ecl. x. 4
10. Virgil, Aeneid iii. 694
11. Statius, Silvae i. 2, 203
12. Theb. i. 271, iv. 239
13. Lucian, Dialogi Marini 3
14. Pausanias, Description of Greece vi. 22. § 5
15. Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Odes ii. 12
16. Pausanias, Description of Greece v. 14. § 5
17. Scholiast on Pindar's Olympian Odes v. 10
18. Strabo, Geographia vi. p. 270, viii. 343
19. Seneca the Younger, Naturales quaestiones iii. 26
20. Fulgent. Myth. iii. 12
21. Plutarch, de Fluv. 19

See also

• Alfeios River
• Sarasvati River, the invisible or subterranean mystical river of Hinduism

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.