Aluminium diethyl phosphinate

Aluminium diethyl phosphinate
Names
Other names
Diethyl phosphinic acid aluminium salt,
Diethyl phosphinic acid,
aluminium salt,
Exolit OP 1240,
Exolit OP 930,
Exolit OP 1230,
Exolit OP 935
Identifiers
225789-38-8
Properties
((C2H5)2PO2)3Al
Molar mass 390.3 g/mol
Appearance White powder
Density 1.35 g/cm3, solid
Melting point Decomposes, see text
2000 mg/l at 25°C
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Aluminium diethyl phosphinate is a chemical compound with formula 3(C
4H
10O
2P)·Al. It decomposes above 300 °C.

Applications

In the family of dialkyl phosphinic acid salts, aluminium diethyl phosphinate has been found to be an excellent flame retardant for use in engineering plastics such as polyamides, polyesters, thermosets and elastomers. It was developed by Hoechst, later by Clariant chemicals and Ticona.[1] In 2004 and 2012, Clariant chemicals opened its first and second commercial production lines respectively in Huerth-Knapsack near Cologne.[2] Aluminium diethyl phosphinate acts as a flame retardant in the condensed phase in contributing to charring of the polymer matrix and thus protecting the substrate against heat and oxygen attack. In parallel it acts in the gas phase by radical reactions removing from the combustion zone the high energy radicals H. and OH., which determine flame propagation and heat release.[3] The phosphinate partly vaporises and partly decomposes to volatile diethyl phosphinic acid and an aluminium phosphate residue, which acts as a barrier for fuel and heat transport.[4] Aluminium diethyl phosphinate is used as a halogen-free flame retardant for polyamides, polyesters, thermoset resins (e.g. epoxies) in electrical engineering and electronics (E&E) applications for switches, plugs, PC fans, and structural and housing components. Smartphones, washing machines, and airplane parts, among others, contain the product. Other applications include thermosetting resins and adhesives as well as cable sheaths and insulation made from thermoplastic elastomers. Aluminium diethyl phosphinate can give these plastics flame retardant properties that are otherwise only achievable with expensive high-performance plastics, which are less easy to work with. Aluminium diethyl phosphinate is often used in combination with other halogen-free flame retardant additives like melamine polyphosphate or melamine cyanurate.

In glass fibre reinforced (GF) polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) and 66 (Nylon 66) formulations as well as in polyesters like polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and PET, aluminium diethyl phosphinate shows excellent performance[5] in the UL 94 flammability tests [6] (UL 94 V0 specification is met down to 0.4 mm), as well as in the glow wire tests required for appliances.[7] Here, formulations with aluminium diethyl phosphinate meet the glow wire ignition test (GWIT)[8] at 775 °C and the glow wire flammability test (GWFI)[9] at 960 °C. Another important criterion in E&E applications is the Comparative Tracking Index (CTI),[10][11] which determines the risk of electrical tracking of insulating material that is exposed to contaminating environments and surface conditions. With formulations containing aluminium diethyl phosphinate, the highest requirement of 600 V (numeric value of the highest voltage at which an electrical insulating material withstands 50 drops of electrolytic test solution) is achieved. Further benefits of polyamides and polyesters containing aluminium diethyl phosphinate are low smoke density which makes them suitable for rolling stock applications to EN 45545,[12] as well as good light stability which is needed for outdoor applications.

The EU’s RoHS directive forced E&E manufacturers to switch to lead-free solder systems running at about 30 °C higher temperatures than traditional systems, prompting the rapid growth of polymers like high temperature polyamides (HTPAs; Nylon). Due to their higher thermal stability, HTPAs can be used in the so-called surface mount technology (SMT) of semiconductor components. Facing the requirement of lead free reflow soldering, these materials have to withstand peak temperatures of 260 °C and more during the soldering process. HTPAs can only compete with more expensive materials like LCPs (liquid crystal polymers), if the flame retardant system keeps their properties on the high level required by the application.[13] Aluminium diethyl phosphinate has proven to be stable enough, providing very efficient flame retardancy for HTPAs.

A large variety of synergists is used to tune properties of polyamide and polyester compounds.

Human health and the environment

Human health and environmental facts of aluminium diethyl phosphinate are summarized in a fact sheet.[14] Further data are given in the Arcadis Study carried out on behalf of the European Commission Health & Consumers DG, Contract number 17.020200/09/549040: “Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products. Final Report” of 26 April 2011, Chapter 5.23, p. 168.[15] Aluminium diethyl phosphinate has also been investigated in projects of the US EPA Design for Environment (DfE) programme [16] and in the European FP7 research project Enfiro.[17] With the exception of being persistent and thus not readily biodegradable, aluminium diethyl phosphinate has been shown to have a favourable environmental and health profile.

References

  1. ↑ Weil, E.D., Levchik, S.V.: Flame retardants for plastics and textiles, p. 97 f. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2009
  2. ↑ "Clariant Newsroom » Clariant opens new production unit for halogen-free flame retardants in Hürth-Knapsack". Newsroom.clariant.com. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  3. ↑ Braun, U.; Bahr, H.; Schartel, B.; Fire retardancy effect of aluminium phosphinate and melamine polyphosphate in glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6. e-Polymers. Vol. 10, 1, p. 443–456. 2013-08-31
  4. ↑ Braun, U.; Schartel, B.; Fichera, M.A.; Jäger, C. Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium, phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2007, 92, p. 1528-1545
  5. ↑ Jimenez et al. New routes to flame retard polyamide 6,6 for electrical applications. J. Fire Sciences. Accepted 2012-05-08
  6. ↑ UL 94. Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances. 2013-03-28
  7. ↑ "News". Flammschutz Online. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  8. ↑ Fire hazard testing - Part 2-13: Glowing/hot-wire based test methods - Glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) test method for materials (IEC 60695-2-13:2010)
  9. ↑ Fire hazard testing - Part 2-12: Glowing/hot-wire based test methods - Glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) test method for materials (IEC 60695-2-12:2010)
  10. ↑ Comparative Tracking Index
  11. ↑ Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials (IEC 60112:2003 + A1:2009)
  12. ↑ EN 45545:2013. Railway applications - Fire protection on railway vehicles - Part 1: General, Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components
  13. ↑ Steffner K-J. Lead-free Soldering. Kunststoffe plast europe 9/2005, p. 195-198
  14. ↑ "Exolit OP.pdf" (PDF). pinfa.eu. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  15. ↑ "flame retardant substances study en.pdf" (PDF). europa.eu. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  16. ↑ "full report pcb flame retardants report draft 11 10 08 to e.pdf" (PDF). epa.gov. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  17. ↑ Enfiro: Life cycle assessment of environment-compatible flame retardants (Sep 2009 to Nov 2012) http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/226563
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