Black bullhead

Black bullhead
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Ictaluridae
Genus: Ameiurus
Species: A. melas
Binomial name
Ameiurus melas
Rafinesque, 1820

The black bullhead or black bullhead catfish (Ameiurus melas) is a species of bullhead catfish. Like other bullhead catfish, it has the ability to thrive in waters that are low in oxygen, brackish, turbid and/or very warm.[2] It also has barbels located near its mouth, a broad head, spiny fins and no scales. It can be identified from other bullheads as the barbels are black, and it has a tan crescent around the tail. Its caudal fin is truncate (squared off at the corners).[3] Like virtually all catfish, it is nocturnal, preferring to feed at night, although young will feed during the day. It generally does not get as large as the channel or blue catfish; with average adult weights are in the one to two-pound range, and almost never as large as four pounds. It has an average length of 8-14 inches, with the largest specimen being 24 inches, making it the largest of the bullheads. It is typically black or dark brown on the dorsal side of its body and yellow or white on the ventral side.[3]

Like most of the bullheads (and even the cousin flathead catfish), it has a squared tail fin, which is strikingly different from the forked tail of channel and blue catfish. It is a bottom-rover fish, meaning it is well-adapted for bottom living. It is typically dorso-ventrally flattened, and has a slightly humped back.[4] Its color will depend on the area where it is taken, but it generally is darker than brown or yellow bullheads. It can be distinguished from a flathead in that the black bullhead's lower lip does not protrude past the upper lip. Distinguishing it from the brown bullhead is a bit more difficult, depending on the area where they are caught, but a distinguishing detail between the two includes a nearly smooth pectoral spine on the black bullhead with the brown being strongly barbed. The anal fin also has a gray base, and the tail also has a pale bar. Also, the brown bullhead will generally have 21 to 24 soft rays through its anal fin as opposed to the black bullhead's 17 to 21. The brown bullhead is also typically mottled brown and green on top instead of the darker black. Both the black and brown bullheads can easily be distinguished from the yellow bullhead as the yellow bullhead has white barbels under its mouth.[5]

Habitat

Black bullheads are found throughout the central United States, often in stagnant or slow-moving waters with soft bottoms. They have been known to congregate in confined spaces, such as lake outlets or under dams. They are very tolerant fish, and are able to live in muddy water, with warmer temperatures and in water with lower levels of oxygen, which reduce competition from other fish.[5] Black bullheads also occur as an invasive species in large parts of Europe.[6]

Diet

They are omnivorous – will eat almost anything, from grains and other plant matter to insects, dead or living fish and crustaceans. They have short, pointed, conical teeth, formed in multiple rows called cardiform teeth. Black bullheads have no scales; instead, they have about 100,000 taste receptors placed all over their bodies. Many of these are located on the barbels near their mouths. The receptors help the fish to identify food in their dark habitats. During the winter, black bullheads will decrease food intake, and may stop eating all together. Instead, they will bury themselves around the shore line of the lake in debris, with only their gills exposed. This "hibernation" allows them to survive conditions of low oxygen and low temperature.[7]

Reproduction

Black bullheads will start to spawn in April and continue through June. The females will scoop out a small hole or depression in the lake floor and will lay anywhere from 2000 to 6000 eggs. The males fertilize the eggs, then care for them. When the eggs hatch a week later, both parents will watch over the fry for a short while.[3]

Angling

Considered rough fish, black bullheads are seldom caught for sport. Their flesh is pale in color, and has a good flavor, but it may be soft in summer. They are the largest of the bullheads, and are one of several catfish informally referred to as mud catfish. They are not caught often, and usually it is by accident. They have been introduced in many areas of the US because of their ability to survive (and even thrive) in less than ideal conditions, but they are seldom used in active stocking programs due to their relatively low desirability.

Black bullheads can be caught using similar techniques as for channel or blue catfish, although their small size may require smaller bait and hooks. Like most catfish, they are most active during the night, and tend to be less active during the day, bedding under piers or in shady shore areas.

In some areas of little to no fishing pressure, black bullheads have been found to be more aggressive and have been caught while casting and retrieving metal spoon lures.

Defense

At the base of their pectoral and dorsal fins are spines, which they can use as spurs to cut predators.[7]

References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (2015). "Ameiurus melas ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 4.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  2. ↑ Black Bullhead Detailed Information – Montana Animal Field Guide
  3. 1 2 3 http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/blackbullhead.html
  4. ↑ http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/outdoor-recreation/nature-viewing/fish/fish-adaptations
  5. 1 2 Phillips, G.L, Schmid, W.D, & Underhill, J.C. (1991). Fishes of the Minnesota region. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  6. ↑ Leppakoski, Erkki. Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts, and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1998. The Netherlands. 156-162.
  7. 1 2 http://dnr.wi.gov/fish/lakemich/bullheads.pdf

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