Ancient Egyptian anatomical studies

Ancient Egyptian anatomical studies is an article about the history of anatomy within ancient Egypt.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus revealed several of ancient Egyptian medical knowledge such as that on anatomy.

From a period spanning the time beginning at about 3100 B.C. to the finish of the 2nd century A.D., anatomical studies were fore-most within the ancient Egyptian nation, than within other parts of the world, according to archaeological evidence. People of the civilzation Ancient Egypt initiated an independent practice of anatomical study, which represented the first movement within humanity toward the development of an understanding of anatomy; Egypt is where the study of anatomy historically first developed. People belonging to the Egyptian nation were the first to make a written record of anatomical studies.[1][2][3]

Manetho is thought to have recorded the work of an early anatomist. In his work History of Egypt Manetho states the pharaoh Djer was an anatomist, although a source considers the likelihood of the pharaoh being an anatomist to be low. Djer is stated to have been the first to have made a written work on the study of anatomy, entitled Practical Medicine and Anatomical Book, which is known of, but not extant, although this attribution may represent an honorific observance indicating the book was written within the reign of the pharaoh, within which the book is known to have been written.[2][4][5]

Two individuals, Herophilus, and Erasistratus, both living within Alexandria and participating within the so-called School of Alexandria, both contributed to anatomical understanding and knowledge, as they began a practice of human dissection.[1][6]

Egyptian civilization was responsible for the advent of terms for external body parts, of all body parts practitioners were aware of, metu, understood to refer to the heart, was central to ancient understandings of anatomy within relevant areas of Egypt.[7]

Sources

Knowledge of anatomical studies is drawn from papyri and ostraca, especially the Ebers, Edwin Smith and Kahun papyri. One of only two extant texts on creating a mummy is the Ritual of Embalming Papyrus. Mummification techniques led to advancement in anatomical knowledge.[1][2][8][9]

Ebers papyrus

The Ebers describes metu, which is a word referring to vascular structures, ducts, tendons, or perhaps nerves, which run to various parts of the human head, of these there are a number amounting to fifty-two metu described within the Ebers.[2]

Edwin Smith papyrus

The Edwin Smith Papyrus shows the very first use of the root word neuro, and the word brain, and details information on the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The text describes in appreciably realistic terms, anatomical structures while detailing injuries in order of anatomy.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Loukas M, Hanna M, Alsaiegh N, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS. Clinical anatomy as practiced by ancient Egyptians. Clin Anat. 2011 May;24(4):409-15. doi: 10.1002/ca.21155. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ali M. Elhadi, M.D.; Samuel Kalb, M.D.; Luis Perez-Orribo, M.D.; Andrew S. Little, M.D.; Robert F. Spetzler, M.D.; Mark C. Preul, M.D. The Journey of Discovering Skull Base Anatomy in Ancient Egypt and the Special Influence of Alexandria (page 1, 3 - Head Anatomy in Ancient Egypt. Neurosurgical Focus 2012. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
  3. ↑ Ancient Civilizations Toothil school, Nottingham [Retrieved 2015-06-28]
  4. ↑ J.F. Nunn - Ancient Egyptian Medicine (p.121-122) published by University of Oklahoma Press 2002, 240 pages, ISBN 0806135042 [Retrieved 2015-07-04]
  5. ↑ M Gadalla - Excerpt of Historical Deception:The Untold story of Ancient Egypt (page 300) ISBN 096525092X [Retrieved 2015-07-04]
  6. ↑ Martín-Araguz A, Bustamante-Martínez C, Emam-Mansour MT, Moreno-Martínez JM. - Neuroscience in ancient Egypt and in the school of Alexandria Rev Neurol. 2002 Jun 16-30;34(12):1183-94 - PMID 12134287 [Retrieved 2015-06-28]
  7. ↑ Medicine within Ancient Egypt From the Period of the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom (c.2575 - 1070 B.C.) published by University of Zagreb School of Medicine [Retrieved 2015-06-29]
  8. ↑ BBC Bitesize - Doctors and progress in Egyptian medicine published by British Broadcasting Corporation 2014 [Retrieved 2015-06-28]
  9. ↑ Robert (Bob) Brier, Ronald S. Wade - Surgical Procedures during ancient Egyptian Mummification Chungará (Arica) v.33 n.1 Arica ene. 2001 [Retrieved 2015-06-29] (ed. see also this link)
  10. ↑ Article entitled - Neuroscience for Kids : The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus published by Washington University [Retrieved 2015-06-28]
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