Andrea da Grosseto

Andrea da Grosseto was an Italian writer of the 13th century.

Monument (detail) of Andrea da Grosseto, Piazza Baccarini in Grosseto, Italy

Biography

Born in Grosseto in the first half of 1200, not much is known of his literary work and his life, except that he probably belonged to a family of shoemakers named Bento and that he became a Franciscan friar in the church of San Francesco in Grosseto. After this, Andrea moved to Paris, where he taught literature and the art of poetry. In 1268 he translated the Moral Treaties of Albertanus of Brescia from Latin into vernacular. His contribution to Italian literature is significant, as he is considered by some to be the first writer in the Italian language.^[1]

San Francesco Church in Grosseto

Francesco Selmi, a scholar who almost by chance discovered the first manuscripts of this writer, while examining the codes of the Magliabechiana Library of Florence for a study regarding Dante Alighieri, realized the importance of the discovery and he worried about making it known to the public and other prominent literary scholars and critics. Selmi himself searched to find something more about his life and his career, but to no end.^[2]

Controversy

In the course of the 1900 Andrea da Grosseto's figure was studied by many researchers, who mistook the writer for a Beato Andrea who had died in the 15th century in the Convento della Nave in Montorsaio.

In February 2009 Professor Laura Luzzetti Amerini revealed, after doing some studies, at a conference regarding the writer at the Archivio di Stato in Grosseto, that Andrea da Grosseto wasn't actually the same Andrea Bento the shoe-maker, belonging to the Order of Friars Minor as Selmi and many other scholars had theorised. According to Amerini the real Andrea da Grosseto was a layman and probably father of a certain Giovanna di Bartolo, as is written in a document by a notary released in Grosseto in the 14th century.^[3]

Vulgarisation

Francesco Selmi, with the support of Francesco Zambrini, president of the Commissione per i Testi di Lingua, and of professor Emilio Calvi of the Magliabechiana Library, began a survey on the codes of vulgarisation, for a correct transposition to be able to publish and let everyone read. As some codes of the Grossetan vulgarizer were damaged, he used the translation done by Soffredi del Grazia in 1278, and the original Latin texts by Albertanus, kept in Turin, which could be consulted by Selmi under the supervision of professor Gorresio, Prefect of the Library, with the permission of the Ministry of Public Education. After an accurate job the scholar managed to transcribe all three of the Treaties, including the incomplete text, and to publish them.

The importance of the discovery was immediately recognised, mainly for three particular reasons which, as Selmi specified, make the heirloom of Andrea da Grosseto the most remarkable document in literary prose in the Italian language:

• The first reason is that the text has the certain date of 1268, with the name of the author and the place of vulgarisation being Paris.
• The second reason is that the text is written in the Italian language, without too many redundancies and constructions, words and typical ways of speech of the vernacular and the dialect.
• The third reason is the absolute testimony that the writer intended to not utilise his own Grossetan dialect, but to use a general "Italian national language". In fact he twice refers to the vernacular which he uses defining it italico (Italic).

And so Andrea da Grosseto was the first to intend to use vernacular as a national unifying language from the North to the South of the entire Peninsula.^[4]

Another hypothesis which Selmi proposed is that Dante Alighieri had known and read the work of the Grossetan writer and that he had been inspired by him for the drafting of his own work in the national dialect, understandable to all the inhabitants of the entire peninsula. The hypothesis is justified by the fact that, in all the ancient codes of Dante's Comedy that are known, there is a change of the letter n for the letter r within the verbs (for example, possoro instead of possono, correct Italian word for they can), an orthographic form which had never been seen before in codes dating previously to Dante's time, except that one the works of Andrea da Grosseto. And so there is the possibility that the Grossetan author, following a desinence of his own dialect, introduced this orthographic form in the written work and that Dante had made use of this form.^[5] But although some scholars are in agreement with this hypothesis, the matter has not been addressed since and still remains to be cleared with certainty.

Works

In 1268 Andrea da Grosseto translated the Moral Treaties of Albertanus of Brescia from Latin into Italian vernacular.

The translated Treaties are:

• Della consolazione e dei consigli, vulgarisation of the Liber Consolationis et Consilii.
• Dottrina del tacere e del parlare, vulgarisation of the Liber Doctrina Dicendi et Tacendi.
• Dell'amore e della dilezione di Dio e del prossimo e delle altre cose (incomplete), vulgarisation of the Liber de Amore et Dilectione Dei et Proximi et Aliarum Rerum et de Forma Vitae.

Legacy

A statue of Andrea is located in the city center of Grosseto, in Piazza Baccarini. Below the statue is written, Andrea da Grosseto, primo scrittore in lingua italiana. Dottore a Parigi, 1268 (trans. Andrea of Grosseto, first writer in the Italian language. Doctor in Paris, 1268).

See also

• Albertano of Brescia
• Italian literature

Notes

1. <<il primo, o tra i primissimi, che usò il volgare italiano nella prosa letteraria>> (trans. <<the first, or among the very first, who used the Italian vernacular in literary prose>>) Francesco Selmi, Dei Trattati morali di Albertano da Brescia, volgarizzamento inedito fatto nel 1268 da Andrea da Grosseto, Commissione per i testi di lingua, Bologna, Romagnoli, 1873, Avvertenza, p.XVII.
2. <<per quante indagini facessi nulla mi fu dato scoprire>> (trans. <<as many surveys as I did, I wasn't able to discover anything>>) Francesco Selmi, Dei Trattati morali di Albertano da Brescia, volgarizzamento inedito fatto nel 1268 da Andrea da Grosseto, Commissione per i testi di lingua, Bologna, Romagnoli, 1873, Avvertenza, p.XVII.
3. Andrea da Grosseto, religioso o laico e letterato? Svelato il mistero (trans. Andrea da Grosseto, a clergyman or a layman? Mystery is revealed). Maremma Magazine, Aprile 2009, p.58-59
4. Francesco Selmi, Dei Trattati morali di Albertano da Brescia, volgarizzamento inedito fatto nel 1268 da Andrea da Grosseto, Commissione per i testi di lingua, Bologna, Romagnoli, 1873, Avvertenza, p.XII-XIII.
5. Francesco Selmi, Dei Trattati morali di Albertano da Brescia, volgarizzamento inedito fatto nel 1268 da Andrea da Grosseto, Commissione per i testi di lingua, Bologna, Romagnoli, 1873, Osservazioni, p.389 (25*).

Bibliography

• Volgarizzamento del Liber de doctrina loquendi et tacendi di Albertano da Brescia, Andrea da Grosseto, Rome, Biblioteca Italiana, 2005.
• Dei Trattati morali di Albertano da Brescia, volgarizzamento inedito del 1268, Francesco Selmi, Commissione per i testi di lingua, Bologna, Romagnoli, 1873, pp. 58–362.
• Volgarizzamenti del '200 e '300, Cesare Segre, Turin, Utet, 1953, pp. 139–56.
• La prosa del Duecento, Cesare Segre and Mario Marti, Milan-Naples, Ricciardi, 1959.

External links

• History of San Francesco Church, Grosseto (Italian)
• Notes about Andrea da Grosseto's Works (Italian)