Andrei Kirilenko (politician)

Andrei Kirilenko Андрей Кириленко
First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party
In office 3 December 1955 – 28 April 1962
Preceded by	Aleksei Kutyrev
Succeeded by	Konstantin Nikolayev
First Secretary of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
In office June 1950 – December 1955
Preceded by	Leonid Brezhnev
Succeeded by	Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
Full member of the 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Politburo
In office 23 April 1962 – 22 November 1982
Candidate member of the 19th Politburo
In office 29 June 1957 – 31 October 1961
Member of the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Secretariat
In office 8 April 1966 – 22 November 1982
Personal details
Born	8 September 1906 Alexeyevka, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	12 May 1990 (aged 83) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Citizenship	Soviet
Nationality	Russian[1]
Political party	Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Profession	Design[2] and aircraft engineer, electrician,[1] civil servant

Andrei Pavlovich Kirilenko (Russian: Андре́й Па́влович Кириле́нко; IPA: [ɐnˈdrʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kʲɪrʲɪˈlʲɛnkə]; 8 September [O.S. 26 August] 1906 – 12 May 1990) was a Soviet statesman from the start to the end of the Cold War. In 1906, Kirilenko was born at Alexeyevka in Belgorod Oblast to a Ukrainian working-class family. He graduated in the 1920s from a local vocational school, and again in the mid-to-late 1930s from the Rybinsk Aviation Technology Institute. He became a member of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) in 1930. As many like him, Kirilenko climbed up the Soviet hierarchy through the "industrial ladder"; by the 1960s, he was Vice-Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). After Nikita Khrushchev's forced resignation, Kirilenko became Leonid Brezhnev's "chief lieutenant" within the Central Committee.

His main objective was to ensure Brezhnev's power base and, if possible, to strengthen Brezhnev's position within the Party. He was the first organisational secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from Khrushchev's ouster to the death of Leonid Brezhnev. Kirilenko was responsible for personnel selection and detailed supervision of the economic planning of the CPSU during most of the Brezhnev Era. In 1976, Brezhnev appointed Konstantin Chernenko to be his "counterweight" in the Central Committee (CC). He became a member of the Political Bureau (Politburo) in 1965. He was forced to resign from active politics due to health reasons and because Yuri Andropov was appointed to the General Secretaryship. When Andropov became General Secretary in 1982, Kirilenko was pushed aside. He died on 12 May 1990 in Moscow.

Early life and career

Andrei Kirilenko was born on 8 September 1906 in the village of Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast, in the Russian Empire, to a working-class family.^[2] As a young boy, he worked as an electrician and a locksmith.^[3] In 1920, Kirilenko graduated from one of the local schools; five years later, he graduated from the Alekseevskii vocational technical school. In the mid-to-late 1920s, Kirilenko started working for a mining enterprise located in the Voronezh Oblast. He became an active member of Komsomol in 1929 and, two years later, became a member of the All-Union Communist Party. In 1936, he graduated from the Rybinsk Aviation Technology Institute. He started working as a design engineer for the aircraft factory, Zaporizhia Engine Plant. In 1938, Kirilenko became an active participant in party politics and was eventually selected to the position of Second Secretary of the Voroshilov District Party Committee in Zaporozhye Oblast. The following year, he was voted in as First Secretary. Later that year he was appointed to Second Secretary of the Zaporizhzhya Regional Party Committee of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In this role, Kirilenko made significant contributions to the development of metallurgical and electrical engineering, but also other sorts of industry.^[2]

During the Great Patriotic War, Kirilenko was directly involved with evacuating industry to safe zones. From 1941 to 1943, he was a member of the Military Soviet of the 18th Army of the Southern Front. He contributed by improving discipline among soldiers as well as improving the materiel support for the troops. In 1943, Kirilenko was relocated to Moscow, and during his stay there the production of advanced aircraft increased rapidly. By the end of the war, in 1944, Kirilenko was made First Secretary of the Zaporizhzhya Regional Party. He succeeded Leonid Brezhnev, future Soviet leader, as First Secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk Regional Party Committee. From 1955 to 1962, he was First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee;^[2] he was appointed by Nikita Khrushchev himself to take charge of economic planning and personnel selection in urban areas of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Kirilenko was later promoted to Khrushchev's Vice-Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee. Brezhnev benefited from Kirilenko's position, Brezhnev used him to win over supporters of his conspiracy against Khrushchev.^[4]

Brezhnev era

Rise to prominence

Immediately after Khrushchev's ouster, a "collective leadership" had been formed with Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government and Anastas Mikoyan (replaced in 1965 by Nikolai Podgorny) as head of state. Central Committee Secretaries Mikhail Suslov and Kirilenko were also a part of the collective leadership.^[5] In 1962, Kirilenko became a voting member of the Political Bureau (Politburo).^[6] In 1966, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSFSR was abolished, and Kirilenko became Brezhnev's chief lieutenant. Vadim Medvedev, a Soviet official, said Kirilenko's chief concern was maintaining and strengthening Brezhnev's position within the Party. Men who were loyal to Brezhnev were also loyal to Kirilenko.^[7]

Konstantin Chernenko, another old Brezhnev protégé, became a "counterweight" to Kirilenko's power within the Central Committee (CC).^[7] Before Chernenko's rise in the Soviet hierarchy, Kirilenko provided detailed supervision of new party personnel and the economy. When Chernenko came on board in 1976, Kirilenko supervised the economy. By the mid-to-late 1970s, Kirilenko's health was beginning to decline, and his memory weakened.^[8] Despite his failing health, he was still a high-standing member, and he usually presided over the meetings of the Secretariat when Suslov was not around.^[2] First World representatives treated Kirilenko as Second Secretary of the Communist Party because most of his duties as organisational secretary had been associated with that office in the past. He was never Second Secretary, though Suslov was.^[9] During most of his term, Kirilenko was one of four who had both a seat in the Secretariat and Politburo; the three others were Brezhnev, Suslov and Fyodor Kulakov.^[10]

By 1976 Kirilenko's position within the Soviet leadership had grown to such an extent that leading officials, such as Brezhnev and Suslov, were beginning to worry about his "organisational tail" in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). His supervisory responsibilities led many of his colleagues to view him as a threat to the Party Organisational Work Department of the Central Committee – the Central Committee department overseeing the civilian economy and the military-industrial complex. His position was weakened drastically by the end of the year, his weakened position did not lead to a strengthening of the Collective leadership but to the weakening of it.^[11]

Later career and resignation

As with Kosygin, Kirilenko's leading position in the Soviet leadership was in "limbo" due to his support for economic reform to countenance the country's stagnating economy.^[12] Kirilenko grew increasingly estranged with Brezhnev in 1977, some believe that it was due to the growing economic hardship that faced the Soviet Union. It is said that the two argued over resource allocation and on how to modernise the ailing economy. However, the most common explanation is that Kirilenko grew estranged was because of his weakened position within the Collective leadership.^[13]

Kirilenko led the Soviet delegation to the December 1977 MPLA Party Congress. At this congress, MPLA officially subscribed to the doctrine of Marxist-Leninism. This congress was important to the Soviet Union, and Kirilenko compared Angola's development with that of Vietnam.^[14] Kirilenko, along with Premier Kosygin, had been one of the most vocal opponents to a Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. He blamed the Afghan Party leadership for the rebellion against them, claiming that the Soviets "gave them everything." He also disliked it when the Afghan leadership tried to justify their murderous actions on the grounds that Vladimir Lenin also did it.^[15]

Kirilenko was seen as a possible candidate for the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1977, however, First World observers tended to overrate the significance of the office, and because of it, their observation were completely off the mark. Vasili Kuznetsov, a 76-year-old man, was chosen to the office of First Deputy Chairman instead.^[16] During Brezhnev's later rule, KGB chairman Yuri Andropov gradually took over the functions and, eventually, Kirilenko's position within the Soviet leadership.^[17] In 1979, Kirilenko lost his unofficial office as supervisor of the defence industry over to Pavel Finogenov, a protegë of Dmitriy Ustinov.^[18] Kirilenko was seen as a key candidate by the West to replace Brezhnev as Soviet leader in 1982. After Brezhnev's death, Kirilenko was removed from the ruling Politburo by the new General Secretary Andropov.^[19] With his deteriorating health, having a disease known as arteriosclerosis, Kirilenko was disabled from ensuing active politics or protecting himself from Andropov's attacks.^[20] After Brezhnev's death and funeral, Kirilenko's mental condition deteriorated to where he could not remember the names of several leading Politburo members. He was unable to write properly during his later life; when asked by Andropov to write a letter of resignation in 1982, he was unable to do so.^[21] The decision to remove Kirilenko was taken before Andropov rose to power, so in the event Brezhnev had died later, Kirilenko would still have been forced to resign.^[22] The reason for the decision was that Kirilenko's son had tried to defect to the United Kingdom.^[23]

Later life, death and recognition

When compared to other Soviet politicians who shared the same fate, Kirilenko's downfall was, according to historian R. Judson Mitchell, a "relatively easy" fall from power. At Brezhnev's lying-in-state and subsequent funeral, he was allowed to stand next besides Brezhnev's family even if he wasn't a member of the Soviet leadership at the time. Kirilenko made his last public appearance in 1983, and was given an honorary retirement the same year. Mitchell believes that Andropov gave Kirilenko the honorary retirement so that he could win over Kirilenko's "organisational tail", literally Kirilenko's appointees to top-ranking offices during his years in service.^[23] He lived the rest of his life in Moscow and died on 12 May 1990. He was buried at the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery. During his lifetime, he was awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour twice, and he received six Orders of Lenin and one Order of the October Revolution.^[2]

Notes

1. Law 1975, p. 214.
2. Кириленко, Андрей Павлович [Kirilenko, Andrei Pavlovich] (in Russian). warheroes.ru. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
3. Law 1975, p. 226.
4. Hough 1997, p. 87.
5. Sandle, Mark; Bacon, Edwin (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-333-79463-0.
6. Law 1975, p. 227.
7. Hough 1997, pp. 87–88.
8. Hough 1997, p. 84.
9. Laird, Robert Frederick; Hoffmann, Erik P. (1989). Soviet foreign policy in a changing world. Transaction Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-202-24166-1.
10. Law 1975, p. 321.
11. Mitchell 1990, p. 40.
12. Mitchell, R. Judson (1990). Getting To the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process. Hoover Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8179-8921-7.
13. Mitchell 1990, p. 58.
14. Light, Margot; Royal Institute of International Affairs (1993). Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures. British Academic Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-1-85043-649-2.
15. Westad, Odd A. (2005). The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-521-85364-4.
16. Mitchell 1990, p. 55–56.
17. Hough 1997, p. 90.
18. Mitchell 1990, p. 65–66.
19. "Soviet Leadership Expected to Choose a President". The Hour (Google News Archive). 13 June 1983.
20. Castells, Manuel (2010). End of Millennium: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture 3. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4051-9688-8.
21. Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. pp. 402–403. ISBN 978-0-224-07879-5.
22. Roeder, Philip G. Red sunset: the failure of Soviet politics. Princeton University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-691-01942-0.
23. Mitchell 1990, p. 75.

References

• Hough, Jerry F. (1997). Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-3748-3.
• Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. ISBN 978-0-8422-0529-0.
• Mitchell, R. Judson (1990). Getting To the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-8921-7.