Anglo-Austrian Alliance

The Anglo-Austrian Alliance connected the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Habsburg monarchy during the first half of the 18th century. It was largely the work of the British statesman Duke of Newcastle, who considered an alliance with Austria crucial to prevent the further expansion of French power.

It lasted from 1731 to 1756 and formed part of the stately quadrille by which the Great Powers of Europe continually shifted their alliances to try to maintain the balance of power in Europe. Its collapse during the Diplomatic Revolution ultimately led to the Seven Years' War.

Background

The British statesman the Duke of Newcastle was a prominent Austrophile and one of the architects of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance

In 1725 Austria had signed the Treaty of Vienna offering material support to the Spanish in their efforts to try to take back Gibraltar from the British.[1] Britain was at the time allied to France, although their relationship was slowly declining and by 1731 they would be considered enemies once more.[2] When in 1727 the Spanish besieged Gibraltar during the Anglo-Spanish War, British diplomats persuaded the Austrians not to assist the Spanish, offering a number of concessions. A humiliated Spain was forced to break off the siege and make peace.[3]

A number of prominent Austrophiles had for some time been advocating a British alliance with Austria, as the Austrians were seen as the only country with land forces that could match the French on the continent. They received a boost when the greatest opponent of Austria, Lord Townshend was forced to resign from office in 1730. It cleared the way for a full rapprochement between London and Vienna and gave the Duke of Newcastle increasing control over British foreign policy. He was strongly convinced that an alliance with Austria was essential.

Alliance

Further information: War of the Austrian Succession
Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748

In 1727 the Austrians had agreed to suspend the Ostend Company, whose overseas trading had been a constant source of tension with the British. This laid the groundwork for the Treaty of Vienna which instituted a formal alliance between the two powers. It was signed on 16 March 1731 by Count Zinzendorf and the Earl of Chesterfield. One immediate result was the complete disbandment of the Ostend Company, which delighted the British government. Britain and Austria gave each other a reciprocal guarantee against aggression.[4]

The British gave material support to the Austrians in the War of the Austrian Succession in the form of British troops and providing large financial subsidies. This allowed Maria Theresa to secure the Austrian throne in defiance of the Salic Law. By 1745 Austria had appeared to be in serious danger of being completely overrun and partitioned by Prussia and France, but a British campaign against the French in Flanders drew away crucial French manpower, allowing the Austrians to counter-attack. The British had also applied diplomatic pressure to persuade Prussia's Frederick the Great to agree a ceasefire at the Treaty of Dresden, meaning the Austrians could turn their full attention against the French.[5]

The Alliance was at times severely strained. The Austrians believed the British had done little to prevent France from occupying Brussels in 1746, and this led to a further increase of conflicts. No more so than during the Congress of Breda which was aimed at negotiating an end to the war and led to the eventual settlement at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. The British hoping for a swift conclusion were annoyed by Austria's slow progress in agreeing the terms. They eventually threatened to sign the treaty alone if Austria hadn't agreed to it within three weeks.[6] Austria reluctantly then signed the treaty. They were particularly disturbed to have little material gains for their efforts in the war, though the British considered the terms they had received from the French to be very generous.

In spite of this the omens looked good for the alliance. The Austrians had an enthusiastic supporter in Newcastle, and they apparently had no other major ally to turn to.[7] The British regarded the alliance as part of the Newcastle System by which they maintained the security of Germany by creating an alliance between Britain, Hanover, Austria and the Dutch Republic.

Collapse of the Alliance

Main article: Diplomatic Revolution

In Austria there remained amongst some nagging suspicion that the British were not fully committed to the alliance. They highlighted Britain's absence from the War of the Polish Succession and its failure to insist on a return of Silesia to Austria at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle as a sign of Britain's bad faith. Essentially, they believed, Britain was interested in the alliance only when it suited their own goals. One of the leading anti-British influences was Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz, who in 1753 became Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Maria Theresa of Austria. British support was crucial in allowing her to retain her throne during the War of the Austrian Succession. In spite of this she strongly distrusted the British.

In 1756, suspecting that Prussia was about to launch an invasion of Bohemia - and fearing that the British would do nothing to help them (concerned as they were with a dispute with France over the Ohio Country), Austria concluded an alliance with their traditional enemies France. Britain, left out in the cold, made a hasty alliance with Prussia - hoping that the new balance of power would prevent war.[8]

Unable to control their Prussian ally Frederick the Great who attacked Austria in 1756, Britain honoured its commitment to the Prussians and forged the Anglo-Prussian alliance. Although Britain and Austria did not declare war against each other, they were now aligned in opposing coalitions in a major European war. During the Capture of Emden in 1758 British and Austrian forces came close to open warfare. In spite of their efforts during the war, Austria was ultimately unable to retake Silesia and the 1763 Treaty of Paris confirmed Prussian control of it.

Aftermath

Further information: Seven Years' War

Britain had been growing increasingly less favourable to Austria, and the Austrophiles in Britain saw their influence decrease during and after the Seven Years' War. Austria was by now seen as increasingly autocratic, and resistant to the spread of British liberal democracy.

In 1778 when France entered the American War of Independence to try to assist the American colonists to gain their independence, Britain sought to gain Austrian support for their efforts to put down the rebellion. Austria's entry into the war, it was believed, would have drawn off French troops that were sent to America. However, Austria refused even to consider the proposal seriously.

Britain and Austria did later again become allies during the Napoleonic Wars, but they were both part of a broader anti-French coalition and the relationship was nowhere near as close as it had been during the era of the Alliance. Once again British subsidies became crucial to putting Austrian armies in the field such as during the Flanders campaign of 1793-94 when they received £1 million.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Browning p.48
  2. ↑ Simms p.215-221
  3. ↑ Browning p.55
  4. ↑ Simms p.219
  5. ↑ Simms p.338
  6. ↑ Browning p.154
  7. ↑ Browning p.56
  8. ↑ Anderson p.128-29

Bibliography

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