Ann T. Bowling

Ann T. Bowling
Informal portrait of Ann T. Bowling
Born Ann Trommershausen
(1943-06-01)June 1, 1943
Portland, Oregon
Died December 8, 2000(2000-12-08) (aged 57)
Davis, California
Stroke
Nationality American
Fields Genetics
Institutions University of California, Davis
Alma mater
Thesis A morphological, histological, and biochemical study of the tomato mutant 'curl' (1969)
Doctoral advisor G. Ledyard Stebbins
Known for The Genetics of the Horse (2000); Horse Genetics (1997)
Spouse Michael Bowling
Children 1

Ann Trommershausen Bowling (June 1, 1943 – December 8, 2000) was one of the world's leading geneticists in the study of horses, conducting research in the areas of molecular genetics and cytogenetics.[1] She was a major figure in the development testing to determine animal parentage, first with blood typing in the 1980s and then DNA testing 1990s. She later became known for her studies of hereditary diseases in horses and equine coat color genetics, as well as research on horse evolution and the development of horse breeds. She studied the population genetics of feral horses, did considerable work to help preserve the Przewalski's horse, and was one of the founding members of the international project to map the horse genome.[1][2][3] She was an adjunct professor at the University of California, Davis (UCD), and at the time of her death in 2000 was the executive associate director of the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL) there. Her unexpected death on December 8, 2000 at age 57 was attributed to a massive stroke.[1]

Early life and career

Ann Bowling (née Trommershausen) was born June 1, 1943 in Portland, Oregon, to parents Claire Bowen and William Ernest Trommershausen. Her family later moved to Boulder, Colorado, where she was class valedictorian at Boulder High School. She attended Carleton College in Minnesota, graduating magna cum laude.[4] Her husband was Michael Bowling and they had one child, a daughter, Lydia.[5]

Bowling earned her PhD in 1969 at the University of California, Davis, completing her thesis on the genetics of plants under the supervision of G. Ledyard Stebbins.[4][6] She joined the faculty of Occidental College in Los Angeles in 1968, then was hired by UC Davis in 1973,[4] and at the time of her death in 2000 was an adjunct professor and executive associate director of the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL) at UC Davis.[1][3]

Animal parentage identification

Bowling developed some of the first blood typing and DNA parentage tests for horses, and became a genetics consultant to several horse breed registries, including The Jockey Club, Arabian Horse Association (originally Arabian Horse Registry of America), American Quarter Horse Association, and the American Morgan Horse Association.[2] Beginning in the 1980s, she did considerable research on animal blood types,[7][8] developed tests using blood type to establish parentage,[9] and blood typing was instituted by various breed registries to verify the parentage of animals presented for registration.[2] In the course of this research, she also studied the phenomenon of chimerism, which sometimes created inconsistent results in parentage testing.[10]

By the late 1990s, as the science of parentage testing evolved, she next demonstrated that DNA typing was as effective as blood typing for verifying parentage.[11] As a result of her work with microsatellite DNA markers, the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL) at UC Davis became the first laboratory to offer DNA-based parentage tests for animals, including parentage tests for horses and camelids such as llamas and alpacas,[12] animals for which Bowling herself had conducted research.[lower-alpha 1] The laboratory also expanded to conduct parentage testing for cattle, elk, deer, dogs, cats, sheep, goats and primates.[12]

Bowling applied her work on identifying parentage to help preserve the genetic diversity of the Przewalski's horse; among other work, she reconstructed the herd book of the captive Askania Nova herd in Ukraine using parentage testing data.[2] She studied the genetics of Mustangs in the Great Basin and located genetic markers linking them to other domesticated horse breeds.[13] She also performed research on the blood types of the Paso Fino breed.[14]

Some of the more unusual work Bowling was involved with included a 1996 investigation by Scotland Yard, which sought help from the VGL to identify the source of a blood sample associated with a murder. The lab identified the sample as being from a dog that was at the crime scene, and this information helped crack the case by leading investigators to a suspect who was the owner of the dog. As a result, Bowling, then the director of the laboratory, expanded the lab's scope so it could continue to help identify animals present at crime scenes and those animals which themselves were victims of crimes such as theft or animal abuse. From this beginning, the VGL also later helped create a national canine database used to prosecute cases of dogfighting.[12] Bowling also published articles on parentage in mules, including a case where she proved the rare occurrence of a fertile mule mare by parentage testing.[lower-alpha 2]

Genetic disease and equine coat color research

From very early in her career, Bowling wrote about educating horse breeders on genetic diseases in purebred animals and how to deal with these conditions.[15] She performed a number of studies on the Arabian horse breed, including research into one of the genetic diseases that affects Arabians, cerebellar abiotrophy (CA). In 1985, she created a breeding herd at UCD of horses known to carry CA.[16] The tests on this herd established the condition had a recessive mode of genetic inheritance. A DNA marker test for the condition was developed by her successors at UCD, which became available to the public in 2008,[17] and the causative mutation for cerebellar abiotrophy was identified in 2011.[18]

Bowling also studied genetic conditions in other horse breeds, including hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) in the American Quarter Horse. In 1996, her research found that the origin of this genetically dominant disorder traced to a single stallion,[19] later identified publicly as Impressive.[20]

Bowling's work on equine coat color genetics dovetailed with genetic disease research with her genetic studies of overo spotting patterns seen in Paint horses.[21] She was part of a research team that studied Lethal White Syndrome (LWS),[22] and as early as 1983 identified the fatal condition in newborn foals as linked to a coat color spotting pattern[23] later identified as frame overo, found in the American Paint Horse and related breeds.[24] Her work later led to the discovery of the gene responsible for LWS, and in the process identified it as the equine version of Hirschsprung disease.[25]

In the process of research on Lethal White Syndrome, Bowling also studied the phenomenon of cropouts; spotted offspring born from two minimally-marked parents.[21] She also worked with the team that mapped the cream gene,[26] which is a dilution gene with no deleterious effects, but at one time, some horse breeders thought might be linked to Lethal White Syndrome.[27]

In addition to her work on deleterious mutations associated with horse genetics, Bowling studied genetic disorders in the Australian shepherd dog that appeared to be linked to the merle coat color.[28]

Horse genome project

In the 1990s, Bowling was one of the founders of the horse genome project. This work was also important to human medicine, as there are at least 90 genetic conditions that can affect both humans and horses.[29] The horse genome was first sequenced in 2006,[30] and was fully mapped by 2009.[31]

Horse breeding

Bowling owned Arabian horses, and was a co-founder of the New Albion Stud along with her husband Michael and her parents, Bill and Claire Trommershausen.[2] Bowling's study of mitochondrial DNA in Arabians found that pedigree records kept by the American registry for Arabian horses were generally reliable from the time of importation forward. But her work also brought into question a belief commonly held by Arabian breeders that horses imported from the desert identified by specific historic dam lines or "strains" in their pedigrees actually traced to specific matrilineal groups. Bowling discovered that some mare lines claimed to originate from the same desert-bred "strain" were not related at all, and some mares whose pedigrees claimed they were of different strains actually turned out to be distantly related.[32]

Publications

Bowling was the author or coauthor of many works, including two books and over 60 scientific journal articles, including the following:

Books

Journals

Notes

  1. ↑ see, e.g. Juneja, RK; Penedo, MC; Larsson, HE; Gahne, B; Bowling, AT (1989). "Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the plasma proteins of alpacas and llamas: genetic polymorphism of alpha 1B-glycoprotein and three other proteins". Animal Genetics 20 (4): 395–406. PMID 2619106.; Penedo, MC; Fowler, ME; Bowling, AT; Anderson, DL; Gordon, L (1988). "Genetic variation in the blood of llamas, Llama glama, and alpacas, Llama pacos". Animal Genetics 19 (3): 267–76. PMID 3207220.
  2. ↑ see, e.g. Ryder, OA; Chemnick, LG; Bowling, AT; Benirschke, K (September–October 1985). "Male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey". The Journal of Heredity 76 (5): 379–81. PMID 4056372.; Bowling, AT; Nickel, LS (January–February 1985). "Inheritance of Equus asinus serum albumin variants in hybrid offspring.". The Journal of Heredity 76 (1): 73–4. PMID 3980976.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Veterinary Medicine News; In Memoriam" (PDF). UC Davis. Spring 2001. p. 11. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ann Bowling Memorial". California-Nevada Arabian Sport Horse Association. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  3. 1 2 "Bowling, Ann T". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California, Davis. Archived from the original on October 2, 2000. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Millon, Lee V. (2002). "Ann Trommershausen Bowling (1943-2000)". Animal Genetics 33 (2): 89–90. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00845.x.
  5. ↑ Rothschild, Max F. (December 12, 2000). "Dr. Ann Bowling from Rothschild Max F. on 2000-12-12 (temp.txt)". AnGenMap. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Smith, A. T.; Stebbins, G. L. (1971). "A morphological and histological study of the tomato mutant 'curl'". American Journal of Botany 58 (6): 517–524. JSTOR 2441033.
  7. ↑ Bowling, AT (February 1985). "Assignment of foal paternity when a mare is bred to two stallions". Theriogenology 23 (2): 347–50. PMID 16726003.
  8. ↑ Bowling, AT; Scott, AM; Flint, J; Clegg, JB (1988). "Novel alpha haemoglobin haplotypes in horses". Animal Genetics 19 (2): 87–101. PMID 3415045.
  9. ↑ Bowling, A.T. (January 1985). "The use and efficacy of horse blood typing tests". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 5 (4): 195–199. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(85)80096-4.
  10. ↑ Bowling, AT; Stott, ML; Bickel, L (August 1993). "Silent blood chimaerism in a mare confirmed by DNA marker analysis of hair bulbs". Animal Genetics 24 (4): 323–4. PMID 8239079.
  11. ↑ Bowling, AT; Eggleston-Stott, ML; Byrns, G; Clark, RS; Dileanis, S; Wictum, E (August 1997). "Validation of microsatellite markers for routine horse parentage testing". Animal Genetics 28 (4): 247–52. PMID 9345720.
  12. 1 2 3 "Ved Med History". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California, Davis. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  13. ↑ Bowling, AT (June 1994). "Population genetics of Great Basin feral horses". Animal Genetics. 25 Suppl 1: 67–74. PMID 7943986.
  14. ↑ Bowling, AT; Nickel, LS (1992). "New A system allele of red cell alloantigens in Paso Fino horses". Animal Genetics 23 (6): 557–9. PMID 1492709.
  15. ↑ Bowling, AT (November 1980). "Counselling for genetic diseases of horses". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Large Animal Practice 2 (2): 377–89. PMID 7195098.
  16. ↑ "Cerebellar Abiotrophy". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California Davis. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Minnich, Beth (2011). "Cerebellar Abiotrophy Research Project at the UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL)" (PDF). Arabian Horse Foundation. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  18. ↑ Brault, Leah S.; Cooper, Caitlin A.; Famula, Thomas R.; Murray, James D.; Penedo, M. Cecilia T. (February 2011). "Mapping of equine cerebellar abiotrophy to ECA2 and identification of a potential causative mutation affecting expression of MUTYH". Genomics 97 (2): 121–129. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.11.006.
  19. ↑ Bowling, AT; Byrns, G; Spier, S (August 1996). "Evidence for a single pedigree source of the hyperkalemic periodic paralysis susceptibility gene in quarter horses.". Animal Genetics 27 (4): 279–81. PMID 8856926.
  20. ↑ "Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. UC Davis. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  21. 1 2 Bowling, AT (May–June 1994). "Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses". The Journal of Heredity 85 (3): 222–4. PMID 8014463.
  22. ↑ Vonderfecht, SL; Bowling AT; Cohen M (January 1983). "Congenital intestinal megacolon in white foals" (PDF). Veterinary Pathology (The American College of Veterinary Pathologists) 20 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1177/030098588302000107. PMID 6849219.
  23. ↑ Vonderfecht, SL; Bowling, AT; Cohen, M (January 1983). "Congenital intestinal aganglionosis in white foals". Veterinary Pathology 20 (1): 65–70. PMID 6849219.
  24. ↑ Vrotsos, Paul D.; Santschi, Elizabeth M. (July 1998). "Stalking the Lethal White Syndrome: University of Minnesota researchers track down the gene responsible for lethal white foals". Paint Horse Journal. American Paint Horse Association. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  25. ↑ Metallinos, DL; Bowling, AT; Rine, J (June 1998). "A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung disease". Mammalian Genome 9 (6): 426–31. PMID 9585428.
  26. ↑ Locke, MM; Ruth, L S; Millon, LV; Penedo, MC; Murray, JD; Bowling, AT (December 2001). "The cream dilution gene, responsible for the palomino and buckskin coat colours, maps to horse chromosome 21.". Animal Genetics 32 (6): 340–3. PMID 11736803.
  27. ↑ Cremello & Perlino Educational Association. "The Facts and the Myths". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  28. ↑ Sponenberg, DP; Bowling, AT (September–October 1985). "Heritable syndrome of skeletal defects in a family of Australian shepherd dogs.". The Journal of Heredity 76 (5): 393–4. PMID 4056374.
  29. ↑ "Researchers Complete Genome Of The Horse" (PDF). Veterinary Medicine News. Spring 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  30. ↑ "Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases". Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
  31. ↑ "Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced". ScienceDaily, LLC. 2009-11-05. doi:10.1126/science.1178158. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
  32. ↑ Bowling, AT; Del Valle, A; Bowling, M (February 2000). "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial D-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses" (PDF). Animal Genetics 31 (1): 1–7. PMID 10690354.
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