Total expense ratio
The total expense ratio, or TER, is a measure of the total cost of a fund to the investor. Total costs may include various fees (purchase, redemption, auditing) and other expenses. The TER is calculated by dividing the total annual cost by the fund's total assets averaged over that year, and is denoted as a percentage. It will normally vary somewhat from year to year.
Typically it consists of the annual management charge or AMC (the fee that the fund company charges annually to manage the fund, typically commission paid to fund managers) plus 'other' charges incurred with running the fund. These other charges can consist of share registration fees, fees payable to auditors, legal fees, and custodian fees. Not included in the total expense ratio are transaction costs as a result of trading of the fund's assets.[1]
Because the TER is inclusive of these other charges, it is a more accurate measure of the 'drag' on a fund's performance than just using the annual management charge alone. In their advertisements and even their factsheets, Fund companies tend to give more emphasis to the AMC and to make it difficult for a private investor (in the UK at least) to see the total expense ratio of the fund they are investigating. In the United States however, it is mandatory not only to show it but also to make it as clear and as concise as possible.
Fund costs are very important: every dollar charged by a fund is a dollar that investors won’t get; but costs can be offset to some extent – or even completely – by benefits.
Fund managers can benefit investors in a range of ways. These include:
- investing in assets that smaller direct investors cannot access;
- paying lower brokerage costs for buying and selling;
- using a range of risk reducing techniques - such as managing levels of hedging in foreign exchange exposure; and
- taking advantage of managing a large pool of assets – often with regular inflows – to make ongoing adjustments to the fund efficiently and in ways that enhance returns, minimise losses, and/or reduce price volatility.
Fund managers also save investors time and effort, by:
- providing summarised return and tax details, and
- looking after the day to day paperwork and decision making that can be associated with holding a large number of investments.
Just as you wouldn’t always buy the cheapest car, or house, it would be a mistake just to invest in the lowest-cost fund. Some kinds of funds (e.g.: cash funds) cost a lot less to run than others (e.g.: diversified equity funds): but a good share fund should do better – after fees – than any cash fund over the longer term.
Once an investor has decided on a mix of assets (asset allocation) that suits their situation, needs and goals, they need to know whether to invest through (more expensive) actively managed funds, cheaper ETFs (exchange traded funds), or directly – and when considering using a managed fund what the manager does to earn their fees – high or low – and the returns they are likely to achieve after fees.
A professional financial adviser (one who is not conflicted by – say – working for a fund manager or a financial institution) can help you with this. As with a good fund, the fees charged by a professional financial adviser can be worth paying.
See also
References
External links
- Corrigendum to Commission Recommendation 2004/384/EC of 27 April 2004 on some contents of the simplified prospectus as provided for in Schedule C of Annex I to Council Directive 85/611/EEC (Official Journal of the European Union L 144 of 30 April 2004)
- Compute a fund's total costs from the turn over ratio and the total expense ratio