Anorectic

For other uses, see Anorexic (disambiguation).

An anorectic or anorexic (from the Greek an- = "without" and orexis = "appetite"), also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplement and/or drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss.[1] By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.

List of centrally acting anorectics

Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.

The following drugs listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:[2]

The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH, an index of medical journal articles and books.[3]

Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:

Where † indicates drugs that have been since withdrawn from the market because of adverse effects.

List of peripherally acting anorectics

There is only one member in group—orlistat (Xenical).

Public health concerns

Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with pharmaceutical anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen).[4] Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements in 2004. A Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals. It is also debatable as to whether the ephedrine ban had more to do with its use as a precursor in methamphetamine manufacture rather than legitimate health concerns.

Non-pharmacological alternatives

Weight loss effects of water have been subject to some scientific research.[5] Drinking water prior to each meal may help in appetite suppression. Consumption of 500 mL (approximately 17 fl oz) of water 30 minutes before meals has been correlated with modest weight loss (1–2 kg) in obese men and women over a period of 8 to 12 weeks.[6][7]

History

Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Most common natural appetite suppressants are based on Hoodia, a genus of 13 species in the flowering plant family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine (informally known as speed).

The German and Finnish[8] militaries issued amphetamines to soldiers commonly to enhance warfare during the Second World War.[9] Following the war, amphetamines were redirected for use on the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s because of safety issues. Many amphetamines produce side effects, including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension,[10] making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.

References

  1. ↑ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (2012). "Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry.
  2. ↑ ATC/DDD Index
  3. ↑ MeSH list of agents 82001067
  4. ↑ Fishman, AP (1999). "Aminorex to Fen/Phen: An Epidemic Foretold". Circulation 99 (1): 156–61. doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.1.156. PMID 9884392.
  5. ↑ "Pre-meal water consumption for weight loss". Australian Family Physician 42 (7): 478. 2013.
  6. ↑ Dennis, EA; Dengo, AL; Comber, DL; Flack, KD; Savla, J; Davy, KP; Davy, BM (Feb 2010). "Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults". Obesity (Silver Spring) 18 (2): 300–7. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.235. PMC: 2859815. PMID 19661958.
  7. ↑ Vij, VA; Joshi, AS (Jul 2014). "Effect of excessive water intake on body weight, body mass index, body fat, and appetite of overweight female participants". J Nat Sci Biol Med. 5 (2): 340–4. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136180. PMC: 4121911. PMID 25097411.
  8. ↑ fi:Pervitiini
  9. ↑ Andreas Ulrich, Andreas. "The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  10. ↑ Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X, Higenbottam T, Oakley C, Wouters E, Aubier M, Simonneau G, Begaud B. Appetite-Suppressant Drugs and the Risk of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;335:609. Fulltext. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608293350901 PMID 8692238

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 22, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.