Anosov diffeomorphism

In mathematics, more particularly in the fields of dynamical systems and geometric topology, an Anosov map on a manifold M is a certain type of mapping, from M to itself, with rather clearly marked local directions of 'expansion' and 'contraction'. Anosov systems are a special case of Axiom A systems.

Anosov diffeomorphisms were introduced by D. V. Anosov, who proved that their behaviour was in an appropriate sense generic (when they exist at all).[1]

Overview

Three closely related definitions must be distinguished:

A classical example of Anosov diffeomorphism is the Arnold's cat map.

Anosov proved that Anosov diffeomorphisms are structurally stable and form an open subset of mappings (flows) with the C1 topology.

Not every manifold admits an Anosov diffeomorphism; for example, there are no such diffeomorphisms on the sphere . The simplest examples of compact manifolds admitting them are the tori: they admit the so-called linear Anosov diffeomorphisms, which are isomorphisms having no eigenvalue of modulus 1. It was proved that any other Anosov diffeomorphism on a torus is topologically conjugate to one of this kind.

The problem of classifying manifolds that admit Anosov diffeomorphisms turned out to be very difficult, and still as of 2012 has no answer. The only known examples are infranil manifolds, and it is conjectured that they are the only ones.

Another open problem is whether every Anosov diffeomorphism is transitive. All known Anosov diffeomorphisms are transitive. A sufficient condition for transitivity is nonwandering:  \Omega(f)=M .

Also, it is unknown if every  C^1 volume preserving Anosov diffeomorphism is ergodic. Anosov proved it under  C^2 assumption. It is also true for  C^{1+\alpha} volume preserving Anosov diffeomorphisms.

For  C^2 transitive Anosov diffeomorphism  f:M\to M there exists a unique SRB measure (stand for Sinai, Ruelle and Bowen)  \mu_f supported on  M such that its basin  B(\mu_f) is of full volume, where  B(\mu_f)=\{x\in M:\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\delta_{f^kx}\to\mu_f\}.

Anosov flow on (tangent bundles of) Riemann surfaces

As an example, this section develops the case of the Anosov flow on the tangent bundle of a Riemann surface of negative curvature. This flow can be understood in terms of the flow on the tangent bundle of the Poincaré half-plane model of hyperbolic geometry. Riemann surfaces of negative curvature may be defined as Fuchsian models, that is, as the quotients of the upper half-plane and a Fuchsian group. For the following, let H be the upper half-plane; let Γ be a Fuchsian group; let M = H/Γ be a Riemann surface of negative curvature as the quotient of "M" by the action of the group Γ , and let T1M be the tangent bundle of unit-length vectors on the manifold M, and let T1H be the tangent bundle of unit-length vectors on H. Note that a bundle of unit-length vectors on a surface is the principal bundle of a complex line bundle.

Lie vector fields

One starts by noting that T1H is isomorphic to the Lie group PSL(2,R). This group is the group of orientation-preserving isometries of the upper half-plane. The Lie algebra of PSL(2,R) is sl(2,R), and is represented by the matrices


J=\left(\begin{matrix} 1/2 &0\\ 0&-1/2\\ \end{matrix}\right) \quad \quad
X=\left(\begin{matrix}0&1\\ 0&0\\ \end{matrix}\right) \quad \quad
Y=\left(\begin{matrix}0&0\\ 1&0  \end{matrix}\right)

which have the algebra

[J,X]=X \quad\quad  [J,Y] = -Y \quad\quad [X,Y] = 2J

The exponential maps

g_t = \exp(tJ)=\left(\begin{matrix}e^{t/2}&0\\ 
                   0&e^{-t/2}\\ \end{matrix}\right) \quad\quad

h^*_t = \exp(tX)=\left(\begin{matrix}1&t\\ 
                                    0&1\\ \end{matrix}\right) \quad\quad

h_t = \exp(tY)=\left(\begin{matrix}1&0\\ 
                                  t&1\\ \end{matrix}\right)

define right-invariant flows on the manifold of T1H = PSL(2,R), and likewise on T1M. Defining P = T1H and Q = T1M, these flows define vector fields on P and Q, whose vectors lie in TP and TQ. These are just the standard, ordinary Lie vector fields on the manifold of a Lie group, and the presentation above is a standard exposition of a Lie vector field.

Anosov flow

The connection to the Anosov flow comes from the realization that g_t is the geodesic flow on P and Q. Lie vector fields being (by definition) left invariant under the action of a group element, one has that these fields are left invariant under the specific elements g_t of the geodesic flow. In other words, the spaces TP and TQ are split into three one-dimensional spaces, or subbundles, each of which are invariant under the geodesic flow. The final step is to notice that vector fields in one subbundle expand (and expand exponentially), those in another are unchanged, and those in a third shrink (and do so exponentially).

More precisely, the tangent bundle TQ may be written as the direct sum

TQ = E^+ \oplus E^0 \oplus E^-

or, at a point g \cdot e = q \in Q, the direct sum

T_qQ = E_q^+ \oplus E_q^0 \oplus E_q^-

corresponding to the Lie algebra generators Y, J and X, respectively, carried, by the left action of group element g, from the origin e to the point q. That is, one has E_e^+=Y, E_e^0=J and E_e^-=X. These spaces are each subbundles, and are preserved (are invariant) under the action of the geodesic flow; that is, under the action of group elements g=g_t.

To compare the lengths of vectors in T_qQ at different points q, one needs a metric. Any inner product at T_eP=sl(2,\mathbb{R}) extends to a left-invariant Riemannian metric on P, and thus to a Riemannian metric on Q. The length of a vector v \in E^+_q expands exponentially as exp(t) under the action of g_t. The length of a vector v \in E^-_q shrinks exponentially as exp(-t) under the action of g_t. Vectors in E^0_q are unchanged. This may be seen by examining how the group elements commute. The geodesic flow is invariant,

g_sg_t=g_tg_s=g_{s+t} \,

but the other two shrink and expand:

g_sh^*_t = h^*_{t\exp(-s)}g_s

and

g_sh_t = h_{t\exp(s)}g_s \,

where we recall that a tangent vector in E^+_q is given by the derivative, with respect to t, of the curve h_t, the setting t = 0.

Geometric interpretation of the Anosov flow

When acting on the point z = i of the upper half-plane, g_t corresponds to a geodesic on the upper half plane, passing through the point z =' 'i. The action is the standard Möbius transformation action of SL(2,R) on the upper half-plane, so that

g_t \cdot i = \left( \begin{matrix} \exp(t/2) & 0 \\
 0 & \exp(-t/2) \end{matrix} \right) \cdot i = i\exp(t)

A general geodesic is given by

\left( \begin{matrix} a & b \\
 c & d \end{matrix} \right) \cdot i\exp(t) = 
\frac{ai\exp(t)+b}{ci\exp(t)+d}

with a, b, c and d real, with ad  bc = 1. The curves h^*_t and h_t are called horocycles. Horocycles correspond to the motion of the normal vectors of a horosphere on the upper half-plane.

See also

Notes

  1. D. V. Anosov, Geodesic flows on closed Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature, (1967) Proc. Steklov Inst. Mathematics. 90.

References

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