Antirhodos

Map of ancient Alexandria.
"2" marks the island of Antirhodos.
Bust of Cleopatra currently on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. The bust is believed to have been discovered at the royal palace on Antirhodos.
White marble torso of Hermes discovered on the southern branch of the Island of Antirhodos. (Grand Palais exhibition, 2006)

Antirhodos (sometimes Antirrhodos or Anti Rhodes) was an island in the eastern harbor of Alexandria, Egypt, on which a Ptolemaic palace was sited. The island was occupied until the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla[1] and it probably sank in the 4th century, when it succumbed to earthquakes and a tsunami following an earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean near Crete in the year 365. The island now lies underwater, near the seafront of modern Alexandria, at a depth of approximately 5 metres.[2]

Descriptions of the island were recorded in classical antiquity by Greek geographers and historians.[3] Strabo described a royal house on Antirhodos in 27 BC[4] and wrote that the island's name ("counter-Rhodes") derived from the island's rivalry with the island of Rhodes.[5] Antirhodos was part of Alexandria's ancient royal port called the Portus Magnus, which also included parts of the Lochias peninsula in the East and the island of Pharos in the West.[6] The Portus Magnus was abandoned and left as an open bay after an earthquake in the 8th century.[3]

Rediscovery

In 1996, underwater archaeology in the harbour of Alexandria conducted by Franck Goddio located the island and found that it was on the opposite side of the harbour from where it was placed by Strabo.[7] The excavations showed that the island had been occupied from before the founding of Alexandria and that it was totally levelled and prepared for construction around 250BC.[4] The island was small (about 500 hectares) and fully paved,[8] with three branches leading in different directions. The main branch was 300 meters long and had an esplanade facing the site of the Caesarium temple on the mainland seafront. On the esplanade Goddio uncovered the remains of a relatively modest (90 metres by 30 metres) marble-floored 3rd century BC palace, believed to have been Cleopatra's royal quarters. On another narrow branch of the island there was a small Temple of Isis which had at its entrance a life-size granite statue representing a shaven-headed Egyptian priest of the goddess Isis carrying a jar topped with an image of Osiris.[9] A pair of granite sphinxes flanked the statue, one of which had the head of Cleopatra's father.[10]

Between the branches on the eastern side of the island there was a small port with docks.[1] Here there was a series of 60 columns, each 1 metre in diameter and 7 meters in length, made of red Egyptian granite and topped with a decorated crown. Ancient paintings indicate that the columns acted as the ceremonial gateway to the island.[11] The wreck of a 30-metre long 1st century BC or 1st century AD Roman ship has been identified in the vicinity of the port.[12] Evidence from a hole in the ship's hull suggests that it could have sunk after being rammed by another boat.[2]

The site of Mark Antony's uncompleted palace, the Timonium, has also been located on the island.[3] Other finds include a colossal stone head thought to be of Cleopatra's son Caesarion, and a huge quartzite block with an engraving of a pharaoh and an inscription indicating that it depicts Seti I, father of Ramses II. Some of the pharaonic objects on the site had been brought from Heliopolis by the Ptolemaic rulers and re-used to construct their buildings. The remains on the island do not seem to date from later than the Ptolemaic period, suggesting the palace may have been abandoned soon after Cleopatra's death and the absorption of Egypt into the Roman Empire.[4]

Bibliography

Puchstein, Otto (1894). "Antirrodos". Paulys Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft [Pauly's Real Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity] (in German) 1&2. Stuttgart. 

"Herrscher der bewohnten Erde" [Ruler of the Inhabited Earth]. Der Spiegel (Germany) (44). 27 October 1997. Retrieved 23 July 2015. 

References

  1. 1 2 "Expositions (Grand Palais, Paris, 2006-2007): Trésors engloutis d'Égypte." [Exhibition (Grand Palais, Paris, 2006-7): Egypt's Sunken Treasures]. www.bubastis.be (in French). 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Sphinx of Cleopatra's father emerges from waves". CNN News. 29 October 1998. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 "Sunken treasure - divers recover the stunning artefacts of Cleopatra's palace". Daily Mail. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 Vizard, Frank (May 1999). "In Search of Cleopatra's Palace". Popular Science magazine (Bonnier Corporation) 254 (5). Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  5. ↑ Strabo. "The Geography of Strabo: Book XVII". The University of Chicago. Bill Thayer. Retrieved 23 July 2015. They so called it as being a rival of Rhodes
  6. ↑ Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: Walton and Maberly. p. 27. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Michael Sedge. "Cleopatra's Sunken Palace". Virtual Egypt. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  8. ↑ Mirsky, Steve (31 January 2010). "Cleopatra's Alexandria Treasures". Scientific American. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "Stadtplan des antiken Alexandria" [City Map of ancient Alexandria]. ORF. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Finds such as the 1.70-meter-high statue of a high priest indicate that the island once held once a small shrine dedicated to the ancient Egyptian goddess Isis.
  10. ↑ Osman, Ahmed (12 February 2015). "Egyptian Alexandria - Ancient underwater finds revealed the Pharaonic roots of the Ptolemaic City". Ancient Origins. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  11. ↑ Atif, Wessam. "Diving into Egyptian History: The Rediscovery of Cleopatra’s Sunken Palace and Diving it Today". Underwater Photography Guide. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  12. ↑ Sandrin, Patrice; Belov, Alexander; Fabre, David (March 2013). "The Roman Shipwreck of Antirhodos Island in the Portus Magnus of Alexandria, Egypt". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (Wiley) 42 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00363.x. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

Coordinates: 31°12′24″N 29°54′01″E / 31.2067°N 29.9003°E / 31.2067; 29.9003

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